science

Regulus bulgaricus

Regulus bulgaricus is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Regulus bulgaricus rather than just read about it. In short: Regulus bulgaricus is a fossil passerine from the Middle Villafranchian (upper Pliocene to lower Pleistocene ) of Bulgaria. This bird is a member of the kinglet family and genus, and is the only fossil kinglet found so far.

Key takeaways

Regulus bulgaricus belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Regulus bulgaricus to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Regulus bulgaricus from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Regulus bulgaricus is a fossil passerine from the Middle Villafranchian (upper Pliocene to lower Pleistocene ) of Bulgaria. This bird is a member of the kinglet family and genus, and is the only fossil kinglet found so far. It is known from a single ulna, which is 13.3 mm long. The fossil was discovered in 1991 near Varshets, Bulgaria, and described by Zlatozar Boev.

Taxonomy The only known specimen of Regulus bulgaricus is a complete left ulna, 13.3 mm in length. It was collected on 20 September 1991 in a ponor near Varshets, Bulgaria. It was first described by its collector, the Bulgarian paleornithologist Zlatozar Boev. Its species name, bulgaricus, was given after the country in which the fossil was found. Boev diagnosed it as an extinct species of the genus Regulus. The ulna is smaller than that of most passerines, and the shape of the articular surfaces identify it as a kinglet. It is distinguished from R. regulus by a thicker base, a longer olecranon, a larger cotyla dorsalis, and smaller quill knobs (papillae remigales caudales). Compared to R. ignicapilla, R. bulgaricus has a narrower proximal part of the diaphysis, a shorter olecranon, and smaller tuberculum retinaculi. Although Boev was unable to compare the fossil ulna with R. goodfellowi, it can be excluded from this taxonomical comparison due to it sharing a superspecies with R. regulus. Regulus bulgaricus is the only fossil kinglet, and is possibly the ancestor of R. ignicapillus. This was speculated based on the postglacial origin of a coniferous forest belt in the Holarctic, which means that its avifauna is of a more recent origin.

References

Literature cited Boev, Zlatozar (1999). "Regulas bulgaricus sp. n.-the first fossil Kinglet (Aves: Sylviidae) from the Late Pliocene of Varshets, Western Bulgaria". Historia Naturalis Bulgarica. 10. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: 109–115. Boev, Zlatozar (2002). "Neogene avifauna of Bulgaria" (PDF). Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of the Society of Avian Palaeontology and Evolution. Science Press, Beijing: 29–40.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Regulus bulgaricus

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Regulus bulgaricus claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Regulus bulgaricus before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Regulus bulgaricus ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Regulus bulgaricus

In research: Regulus bulgaricus appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Regulus bulgaricus in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Regulus bulgaricus is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Extinct birds of Europe, Fossil taxa described in 1999, Fossils of Bulgaria, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Regulus bulgaricus outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Regulus bulgaricus in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Regulus bulgaricus means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Regulus bulgaricus out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Regulus bulgaricus in simple terms?

Why does Regulus bulgaricus matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Regulus bulgaricus?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Regulus bulgaricus.