Reis telephone

Key takeaways

Reis telephone belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Reis telephone to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Reis telephone from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The Reis telephone was an early sound transmitting device, invented by Philipp Reis in 1857. Reis's first successful work is dated to October 1861. When properly set up, it would allow verbal communication via electronic signals. Many sources credit Reis as the inventor of the first telephone. Others point to the prior work of Antonio Meucci, or to later work of Elisha Gray or Alexander Graham Bell. It is generally agreed that Reis coined the word telephon, which has been anglicised to telephone.

History In 1861, Philipp Reis succeeded in creating a device that captured sound, converted it to electrical impulses that were transmitted via electrical wires to another device, which transformed these pulses into recognizable sounds similar to the original acoustical source. Reis coined the term telephon to describe his device.

In 1862, Wilhelm von Legat, Inspector of the Royal Prussian Telegraph Corps, published an article on Reis' invention. von Legat provided a theoretical explanation for why, in the practical experiments... melodies... are transferred with astonishing correctness, whereas single words in reading, speaking, and so forth, could be noticed less distinctly, not withstanding here, also, the flexions of the voice are allowed to assist the interrogatory, exclaiming, astonishing and appealing cadence. Undoubtedly, the matter discussed here, before attaining a practical form, will need considerable perfection... Still, I am persuaded, after repeated practical experiments, that the following up of this matter will prove to be of the highest theoretical interest, and its practical realization in this intelligent age will not be long delayed. In 1865, David Edward Hughes tested Reis' invention at St Petersburg, finding that it was "often" able to successfully transmit words "due to an accidental adjustment of [its] contacts to a true microphonic condition". A translation of Legat's article on Reis' invention was obtained by Thomas Edison prior to his filing his patent application on a telephone in 1877. In correspondence of 1885, Edison credits Reis as having invented "the first telephone", with the limitation that it was "only musical not articulating". In 1878, Edison's recently-patented design for a telephone was explained by inventor Samuel M Plush as having been based on Reis' 1861 invention. Plush described Reis' invention as being "the first telephone", explaining that "This apparatus was capable of reproducing but one of the characteristics of sound, viz., pitch. Further experiment was necessary to reproduce its quality and dynamic force."

Microphone As Reis was considering his invention as a means of broadcasting music, he termed his microphone the 'singing station'. The Reis microphone was based on a horizontal parchment diaphragm as a sound transducer. The diaphragm was mounted on the top of a closed wooden sound box, with a speaking horn on the front. Sound received by the horn caused the diaphragm to vibrate. Above this were two brass strips, later with two platinum contacts, originally with a single platinum contact, and the lower contact formed of a drop of mercury in a recess at the end of the screw. One strip was glued to the center of the diaphragm; another strip, usually two strips in a V, was mounted above this. The strip's weight gave a light pressure between the contacts. Sound vibrations caused the diaphragm and lower contact to vibrate in sympathy. This changed the resistance between the two contacts, giving an electrical signal to the telephone line.

Patent dispute in the US There was some question as to the operation of the Reis microphone. It is regarded today as having varied the resistance of the contacts. However, Reis's description claimed that the contacts opened and closed. At the time, it was held that a circuit with such a 'make and break' circuit was incapable of transmitting intelligible speech. Reis's device had been used to transmit speech from 1861, and widely publicly demonstrated from 1863, yet when Bell's patent claim was set against Reis's primacy of inventing the telephone this 'inability' for it to work because of its use of a "false theory" was enough to (legally) portray Reis's invention as invalid, thus allowing Bell to claim novelty.

Historian Lewis Coe identified another reason why Reis was unable to claim priority in US Patent disputes:Possibly the main reason that the Reis priority never stood up in court was that no one seemed to be able to demonstrate a Reis instrument in the transmission of articulate speech. Once, when attorneys were attempting to demonstrate the Reis instrument in court they could not get the right adjustment on the apparatus, succeeding only in producing squeaks and squawks, but no speech. Finally, one of them in disgust exclaimed, "it can speak, but it won't."

Loudspeaker

Reis's speaker worked by magnetostriction. In his first receiver he wound a coil of wire around an iron knitting needle and rested the needle against the F hole of a violin. As current passed through the needle, the iron shrank and a click was produced. The image, below, shows an advanced version where the iron bar is clamped to a cigar-box-shaped resonator. This receiver is not very sensitive. It produces weak sound but has good fidelity. It requires very high current and is a current-sensitive device rather than a voltage-sensitive device.

See also Telephone History of the telephone Invention of the telephone Timeline of the telephone List of German inventors and discoverers

References

Legat, V. 1862. "Reproducing Sounds on Extra Galvanic Way" Archived 2007-03-25 at the Wayback Machine. accessed 26 March 2006. Friedrich Georg Wieck, Otto Wilhelm Ålund "Uppfinningarnas bok" vol. II, 1874. Thompson, Sylvanus P. "Philipp Reis, Inventor of the Telephone" London: E. & F.N. Spon, 1883. Coe, Lewis "The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History" Chapter 2, McFarland & Co, 1995.

External links "The Great Telephone Mystery" accessed September 5, 2006 BBC - Bell 'did not invent telephone' - Dec 1 2003

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Reis telephone

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Reis telephone claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Reis telephone before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Reis telephone ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Reis telephone

In research: Reis telephone appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Reis telephone in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Reis telephone is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1861 in science, 1861 in the German Confederation, German inventions, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Reis telephone outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study Reis telephone in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Reis telephone means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Reis telephone out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Reis telephone in simple terms?

The Reis telephone was an early sound transmitting device, invented by Philipp Reis in 1857. Reis's first successful work is dated to October 1861.

Why does Reis telephone matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Reis telephone?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Reis telephone.