chemistry

Richard Kirwan

Richard Kirwan is a chemistry topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Richard Kirwan rather than just read about it. In short: Richard Kirwan, LL.D, FRS, FRSE MRIA (1 August 1733 – 22 June 1812) was an Irish geologist and chemist of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He was one of the last supporters of the theory of phlogiston.

Key takeaways

Richard Kirwan belongs to chemistry; place it in that map before memorising details.
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Reproduce the core statement of Richard Kirwan from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Richard Kirwan, LL.D, FRS, FRSE MRIA (1 August 1733 – 22 June 1812) was an Irish geologist and chemist of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He was one of the last supporters of the theory of phlogiston. Kirwan was active in the fields of chemistry, meteorology, and geology. He was widely known in his day, corresponding and meeting with Lavoisier, Black, Priestley, and Cavendish.

Life and work

Richard Kirwan was born at Cregg Castle, County Galway, the second son of Martin Kirwan of Cregg (d. 1741), and his wife, Mary French (d. 1751). He was a descendant of William Ó Ciardhubháin and a member of The Tribes of Galway. Part of his early life was spent abroad, and in 1754 he entered the Jesuit novitiate either at St Omer or at Hesdin, but returned to Ireland in the following year when he succeeded to the family estates through the death of his brother in a duel. Kirwan married "Miss Blake" in 1757, but his wife only lived eight more years. The couple had two daughters, Maria Theresa and Eliza. In 1766, having conformed to the established religion (Church of Ireland) two years previously, Kirwan was called to the Irish Bar, but in 1768 abandoned practice in favour of scientific pursuits. During the next nineteen years, he resided chiefly in London, enjoying the society of the scientific men living there and corresponding with many savants on the continent of Europe, as his wide knowledge of languages enabled him to do with ease. His experiments on the specific gravities and attractive powers of various saline substances formed a substantial contribution to the methods of analytical chemistry and in 1782 gained him the Copley medal from the Royal Society, of which he was elected a fellow in 1780. In 1784, he was engaged in a controversy with Henry Cavendish in regard to the latter's experiments about air. He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1784 and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1786. In 1787, Kirwan moved to Dublin, where, in 1799, he became president of the Royal Irish Academy until his death. To its proceedings, he contributed some thirty-eight memoirs dealing with meteorology, pure and applied chemistry, geology, magnetism and philology. One of these, on the primitive state of the globe and its subsequent catastrophe, involved him in a lively dispute with the upholders of the Huttonian theory. His geological work was marred by an implicit belief in the universal deluge and through finding fossils associated with the trap rocks near Portrush that he maintained basalt was of aqueous origin.

Kirwan was one of the last supporters in Britain and Ireland of the theory of phlogiston, for which he contended in his Essay on Phlogiston and the Constitution of Acids (1787), identifying phlogiston with hydrogen. This work, translated by Marie-Anne Pierette Paulze, was published in French with critical notes by Lavoisier and some of his associates. Kirwan attempted to refute their arguments, but they proved too strong for him, and he acknowledged himself a convert in 1791. There is evidence to suggest that Kirwan was a member of the Society of the United Irishmen, a revolutionary republican organisation in 18th century Ireland. The United Irishmen were founded as a reformist club by a group of Irish radical Protestants and Presbyterians in 1791, influenced by the American and French revolutions. Gradually becoming more militant, the Society advocated for Catholic emancipation and the overthrow in Ireland of British rule. This movement culminated in the defeat of the United Irishmen in the 1798 Rebellion and the Act of Union. At the time of the Union, Kirwan refused a baronetcy, died in Dublin in June 1812, and was buried there in St. George's Church, Lower Temple Street. Kirwan's library was sold at auction in Dublin by Thomas Jones on 12 April 1813 (and following days); a copy of the catalogue is held at Cambridge University Library (shelfmark Munby.c.159(12)).

Eccentricities Various stories are told of Kirwan's eccentricities as well as of his conversational powers. It is said that flies "were his especial aversion; he kept a pet eagle, and was attended by six large dogs." Kirwan disliked flies and paid his servants for each time they were killed. He also disliked late visitors and had his door-knocker removed each evening at seven o'clock. Kirwan suffered from dysphagia and always dined alone. He lived on an exclusive diet of ham and milk. The ham was cooked on Sunday and reheated for the rest of the week. Kirwan was obsessed with avoiding a cold. He heated his living room all year round with a fire and always wore an overcoat indoors.

Honours and activities Fellow of the Royal Society (1780) Copley Medal (1782) Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1789) Royal Irish Academy (1799–1812) – President Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh (1808) – honorary founding member

Books

Elements of Mineralogy (1784) Essay on Phlogiston and the Constitution of Acids (1787) An Estimate of the Temperature of Different Latitudes (1787) Essay of the Analysis of Mineral Waters (1799) Geological Essays (1799) The Manures Most Advantageously Applicable to the Various Sorts of Soils (1796; sixth edition in 1806) Logick (1807) Metaphysical Essays (1809) An Essay on Human Happiness (1810)

References

The Irish Builder vol.XXXIV No.792 p. 269, 15 December 1892

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Illustrations

Richard Kirwan: Richard Kirwan – Portrait by Hugh Douglas Hamilton[2] — Richard Kirwan – Portrait by Hugh Douglas Hamilton[2]

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Richard Kirwan

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Richard Kirwan claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In chemistry, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Richard Kirwan before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Richard Kirwan ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Richard Kirwan

In research: Richard Kirwan appears in chemistry research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Richard Kirwan in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Richard Kirwan is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1733 births, 1812 deaths, 18th-century Irish chemists, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Richard Kirwan outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Richard Kirwan in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
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Frequently asked questions

What is Richard Kirwan in simple terms?

Why does Richard Kirwan matter?

Because it connects several chemistry ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Richard Kirwan?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Richard Kirwan.