Roberts Rugh

Key takeaways

Roberts Rugh belongs to physics; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Roberts Rugh to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Roberts Rugh from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Roberts Rugh, Ph.D. (16 April 1903 – 11 November 1978), radiation biologist and embryologist.

Life Roberts Rugh was born to Arthur and Gertrude (Roberts) Rugh in Springfield, Ohio on April 16, 1903, and died on 11 November 1978 in Bethesda, Maryland. Rugh married Harriette Sheldon on July 24, 1926, and the couple had two children, Mary Elizabeth (Rugh) Downs and William Arthur.

Education Rugh earned his A.B. (1926) from Oberlin College and his M.A. (1927) and Ph.D. (1935) from Columbia University.

Professional career

Roberts Rugh began his professional career as a faculty member at Lawrence College (1927-1928) and went on to teach at Hunter College (1929-1939) and New York University (1939-1948) before moving to Columbia University. At Columbia, Rugh joined the Radiological Research Laboratory, College of Physicians and Surgeons. Here, he served as a Professor of Radiology (1948-1971) in addition to directing research on the effects of ionizing radiation (1948-1971) and serving as a senior medical consultant and lecturer (1971-1978). Rugh devoted many of his research pursuits in the field of embryology and published many papers and wrote several books on this topic.

Selected publications involving radiation Rugh, Roberts. "Developmental Effects Resulting from Exposure to X-Rays: I. Effect on the Embryo of Irradiation of Frog Sperm." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. (1939): 447–471. Rugh, Roberts, and Frank Exner. "Developmental effects resulting from exposure to X-rays. II. Development of leopard frog eggs activated by bullfrog sperm." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. (1940): 607–619. Rugh, Roberts (1949). "Histological effects on the embryo following X‐irradiation." Journal of Morphology. (85)3: 483–501. Rugh, Roberts (1951). "The mouse thyroid and radioactive iodine (I131)." Journal of Morphology. (89)2: 323–365. Rugh, Roberts, and Joan Wolff. (1955). "Reparation of the fetal eye following radiation insult." AMA Archives of Ophthalmology. (54)3: 351–359. Rugh, Roberts, and Helen Clugston. (1956). "Protection of mouse fetus against X-irradiation death." Science. (123)3184: 28–29. Rugh, Roberts, and Sylvia Jackson. (1958). "Effect of fetal x‐irradiation upon the subsequent fertility of the offspring." Journal of Experimental Zoology. (138)2: 209–221. Rugh, Roberts (1958). "X-irradiation effects on the human fetus." The Journal of Pediatrics. (52)5: 531–538. Rugh, Roberts, and Erika Grupp. (1959). "Response of the very early mouse embryo to low levels of ionizing radiations." Journal of Experimental Zoology. (141)3: 571–587. Rugh, Roberts, and Erika Grupp. (1959). "Exencephalia Following X-Irradiation of the Pre-Implantation Mammallan Embryo." Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology. (18)3: 468–481. Rugh, Roberts, and Erika Grupp. (1960). "Fractionated x-irradiation of the mammalian embryo and congenital anomalies." The American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy, and Nuclear Medicine. (84): 125–144. Rugh, Roberts, and Marlis Wohlfromm. (1962). "Can the mammalian embryo be killed by X‐irradiation?." Journal of Experimental Zoology. (151)3): 227–243. Rugh, Roberts, et al. (1963). "X-rays: are there cyclic variations in radiosensitivity?." Science. (142)3588: 53–56. Rugh, Roberts. (1964). "Why radiobiology?." Radiology. (82)5: 917–920. Rugh, Roberts, et al. (1964). "Persistent stunting following x‐irradiation of the fetus." American Journal of Anatomy. (115)1: 185–197. Rugh, Roberts, et al. (1964). "Cataract development after embryonic and fetal x-irradiation." Radiation Research. (22)3: 519–534. Rugh, Roberts, and Marlis Wohlfromm. (1965). "Prenatal X-irradiation and postnatal mortality." Radiation Research. (26)4: 493–506. Rugh, Roberts (1965). "Effect of ionizing radiations, including radioisotopes, on the placenta and embryo." Birth Defects, Orig. Article Ser. 1. Rugh, Roberts, Marlis Wohlfromm, and Andre Varma. (1969). "Low-dose X-ray effects on the precleavage mammalian zygote." Radiation Research. (37)2: 401–414. Rugh, Roberts, et al. (1975). "Responses of the mouse to microwave radiation during estrous cycle and pregnancy." Radiation Research. (62)2: 225–241.

Noted books Rugh also wrote a number of books, including:

The Frog: Its Reproduction and Development (1951) Experimental Embryology (1962) The Dynamics of Development (1964) The Mouse: Its Reproduction and Development (1967) A Laboratory Manual of Vertebrate Embryology (1971)

References

Illustrations

Roberts Rugh: Roberts Rugh seated at a work table looking into a microscope. There are glass petri dishes in the foreground. — Roberts Rugh seated at a work table looking into a microscope. There are glass petri dishes in the foreground.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Roberts Rugh

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Roberts Rugh claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In physics, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Roberts Rugh before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Roberts Rugh ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Roberts Rugh

In research: Roberts Rugh appears in physics research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Roberts Rugh in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Roberts Rugh is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1903 births, 1978 deaths, American embryologists, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Roberts Rugh outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study Roberts Rugh in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Roberts Rugh means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Roberts Rugh out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Roberts Rugh in simple terms?

Roberts Rugh, Ph.D. (16 April 1903 – 11 November 1978), radiation biologist and embryologist.

Why does Roberts Rugh matter?

Because it connects several physics ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Roberts Rugh?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Roberts Rugh.