astronomy

Roland Scholl

Roland Scholl is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Roland Scholl rather than just read about it. In short: Roland Heinrich Scholl (30 September 1865 – 22 August 1945) was a Swiss chemist who taught at various European universities. Among his most notable achievements are the synthesis of coronene, the co-development of the Bally-Scholl synthesis, and various discoveries about polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Key takeaways

Roland Scholl belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
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Connect Roland Scholl to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Roland Scholl from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Roland Heinrich Scholl (30 September 1865 – 22 August 1945) was a Swiss chemist who taught at various European universities. Among his most notable achievements are the synthesis of coronene, the co-development of the Bally-Scholl synthesis, and various discoveries about polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Early life and education Roland Heinrich Scholl was born on 30 September 1865 in Zurich, Switzerland, the son of a Badensian merchant. After primary education by a private teacher and secondary education at a Gymnasium in Zurich, he studied chemistry and physics at the University of Würzburg in 1883. One of his teachers there was Johannes Wislicenus, his mother's brother. After military service in a Bavarian regiment, he continued his studies in 1885 at the Eidgenössisches Polytechnikum in Zurich. In 1890 he received a Dr. phil. degree from the University of Basel.

Life and career In 1893, Roland Scholl became Privatdozent in chemistry at the Polytechnikum as well as at the University of Zurich. In 1897, he became the assistant director of the chemical laboratory of the Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe (today the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology). After being promoted to associate professor in 1904, he moved to the University of Graz, where he became full professor in 1907. In 1914, Scholl volunteered for service in World War I, and after the end of his service he moved to the Technische Universität Dresden, where he worked as the director of the institute for organic chemistry until his retirement in 1934. Suffering from injuries sustained in the Allied bombing of Dresden, Roland Scholl died on 22 August 1945 in a refugee camp on the site of a former military airfield near Mörtitz, a small village in Saxony.

Research Scholl made a name for himself in the scientific community at a young age through publications on the chemistry of fulminic acid, disproving the structures of this molecule proposed by August Kekulé and Edward Divers. He did some research for the Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik (BASF) in the early 1900s, and began doing research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, especially vat dyes such as indanthrene and flavanthrene, in 1903. Among other things, Scholl developed a method for the synthesis of pyranthrone, the first nitrogen- and sulfur-free vat dye. Scholl was one of the first persons to use the microbalance developed by Fritz Pregl, the father of microanalysis, who was a close collaborator of Scholl. In 1911, Roland Scholl and Oscar Bally published an article on the synthesis of benzanthrone by condensation of anthraquinone with glycerol, a process that would later be called the Bally-Scholl synthesis. In 1932, Scholl was the first person to synthesise coronene. Over the course of his career, Scholl published about 180 scientific articles. He became a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1916, of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in 1920, and of the German Chemical Society as well as the Chemische Gesellschaft Karlsruhe in 1930. In 1944 he was awarded the Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft.

Notable publications Scholl, Roland (July–October 1903). "Untersuchungen über Indanthren und Flavanthren I". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (in German). 36 (3): 3410–3426. doi:10.1002/cber.190303603129. ISSN 0365-9496. Scholl's first article on the vat dyes Indanthrene and Flavanthrene Scholl, Roland (January–March 1910). "Pyranthron, ein stickstofffreies Methinanalogon des Flavanthrens, und Dimethylpyranthron". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (in German). 43 (1): 346–356. doi:10.1002/cber.19100430155. ISSN 0365-9496. On the first synthesis of pyranthron Bally, Oscar; Scholl, Roland (May–June 1911). "Einwirkung von Glycerin und Schwefelsäure auf amidierte und auf stickstofffreie Verbindungen der Anthracen-Reihe: Benzanthron und seine Reduktionsprodukte, nebst Bemerkungen über Namenbildung und Ortsbezeichnung hochgegliederter Ringsysteme der Anthracen-Reihe". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (in German). 44 (2): 1656–1670. doi:10.1002/cber.19110440264. ISSN 0365-9496. Description of the Bally-Scholl synthesis Scholl, Roland; Meyer, Kurt (4 May 1932). "Synthese des anti-diperi-Dibenz-coronens und dessen Abbau zum Coronen (Hexabenzo-benzol). (Mitbearbeitet von Horst v. Hoeßle und Solon Brissimdji)". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (in German). 65 (5): 902–915. doi:10.1002/cber.19320650546. ISSN 0365-9496. On the first synthesis of coronene Scholl, Roland; Holdermann, Karl; Seer, Christian (May 1949). "Versuche zur Darstellung von Harnsäure durch Oxydation nichtcyclischer Aminosäureamide. (Unter Mitwirkung von Paul Walenta.)". Chemische Berichte (in German). 82 (3): 239–246. doi:10.1002/cber.19490820314. ISSN 0365-9496. Scholl's final article, written from memory in the refugee camp

References Kernbauer, A. (1997). "Scholl, Roland (Heinrich)". Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 (in German). Vol. 11 (Lfg. 52 ed.). Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-3-7001-3213-4. LCCN 63037408. OCLC 605485521. Zinke, Alois; Dischendorfer, Otto (1 October 1925). "Roland Scholl zum 60. Geburtstag". Angewandte Chemie (in German). 38 (40): 901–903. Bibcode:1925AngCh..38..901Z. doi:10.1002/ange.19250384002. ISSN 1433-7851.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Roland Scholl

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Roland Scholl claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Roland Scholl before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Roland Scholl ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Roland Scholl

In research: Roland Scholl appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Roland Scholl in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Roland Scholl is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1865 births, 1945 deaths, 19th-century Swiss chemists, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Roland Scholl outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Roland Scholl in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
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Frequently asked questions

What is Roland Scholl in simple terms?

Why does Roland Scholl matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Roland Scholl?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Roland Scholl.