astronomy

Rolf M. Zinkernagel

Rolf M. Zinkernagel is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Rolf M. Zinkernagel rather than just read about it. In short: Rolf Martin Zinkernagel AC (born 6 January 1944) is a professor of experimental immunology at the University of Zurich. Along with Peter C.

Key takeaways

Rolf M. Zinkernagel belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Rolf M. Zinkernagel to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Rolf M. Zinkernagel from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Rolf Martin Zinkernagel AC (born 6 January 1944) is a professor of experimental immunology at the University of Zurich. Along with Peter C. Doherty, he shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells.

Education Zinkernagel received his MD degree from the University of Basel in 1970 and his PhD from the Australian National University in 1975.

Career and research Zinkernagel is a member of the Cancer Research Institute Scientific Advisory Council, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, The National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and The Academy of Cancer Immunology. Zinkernagel was elected as a Corresponding Fellow to the Australian Academy of Science also in 1996.

Awards and honours Together with the Australian Peter C. Doherty he received the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells. With this he became the 24th Swiss Nobel laureate. In 1999 he was awarded an honorary Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), Australia's highest civilian honour, for his scientific work with Doherty. Viruses infect host cells and reproduce inside them. Killer T-cells destroy those infected cells so that the viruses cannot reproduce. Zinkernagel and Doherty discovered that for killer T-cells to recognize infected cells, they had to recognize two molecules on the surface of the cell—not only the virus antigen, but also a molecule of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I). This dual recognition is mediated by the T-cell receptor. Although MHC molecules were first known for causing transplant rejection, Zinkernagel and Doherty demonstrated that MHC I–restricted recognition is also central to the immune control of viruses such as lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, establishing a key principle of antiviral immunity. In addition to the Nobel Prize, he also won the Cloëtta Prize in 1981, the Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award in 1987, the Otto-Naegeli-Preis in 1988 and the Albert Lasker Medical Research Award in 1995. In 1994 he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.

References

External links Rolf M. Zinkernagel on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture December 1996 Cellular Immune Recognition and the Biological Role of Major Transplantation Antigens

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Rolf M. Zinkernagel

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Rolf M. Zinkernagel claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Rolf M. Zinkernagel before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Rolf M. Zinkernagel ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Rolf M. Zinkernagel

In research: Rolf M. Zinkernagel appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Rolf M. Zinkernagel in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Rolf M. Zinkernagel is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1944 births, Academic staff of the University of Zurich, Australian National University alumni, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Rolf M. Zinkernagel outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

Ask Teacher Smith questions about this articleOpens your AI tutor with a question about “Rolf M. Zinkernagel” →

Affiliate

Preply — study more efficiently by working with a personal tutor. 50% off.

How to study Rolf M. Zinkernagel in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Rolf M. Zinkernagel means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Rolf M. Zinkernagel out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Rolf M. Zinkernagel in simple terms?

Rolf Martin Zinkernagel AC (born 6 January 1944) is a professor of experimental immunology at the University of Zurich. Along with Peter C.

Why does Rolf M. Zinkernagel matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Rolf M. Zinkernagel?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Rolf M. Zinkernagel.