biology

Rosalind A. Segal

Rosalind A. Segal is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Rosalind A. Segal rather than just read about it. In short: Rosalind Anne Segal (born 1958) is an American neurobiologist. She is a Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School and the Dana Farber Cancer Institute., and the Dean for Graduate Education at Harvard Medical School Segal's work employs modern methods of cell and molecular biology to study the development of the mammalian brain with the goal of understanding how disruption of this normal process leads to th…

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Reference excerpt

Rosalind Anne Segal (born 1958) is an American neurobiologist. She is a Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School and the Dana Farber Cancer Institute., and the Dean for Graduate Education at Harvard Medical School Segal's work employs modern methods of cell and molecular biology to study the development of the mammalian brain with the goal of understanding how disruption of this normal process leads to the formation of brain malignancies.

Biography Segal graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1979 jointly awarded by Harvard College and Radcliffe College. In 1986, she received both an MD from Weill Cornell Medicine and a PhD from Rockefeller University. She performed her doctoral dissertation research in the laboratory of David Luck, and her residency training in neurology in the Harvard affiliated hospitals in the Longwood Medical Area. Segal completed postdoctoral research in molecular neuroscience in the laboratories of Ronald McKay and Charles Stiles. In 1994, she started her own laboratory at Harvard Medical School's Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. She moved the laboratory to the site of the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute in 1998.

Research Segal's research focuses on critical extracellular factors that control the development of the nervous system, from neural stem cells to functional neural circuits. A major focus has been the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway. Segal defined the motif within Hedgehog proteins critical for binding to proteoglycans, defined the nature of the proteoglycan that serves as a selective Shh receptor, and demonstrated that proteoglycan interactions are needed for a proliferative response to Shh. Mutations that activate Shh signaling cause brain tumors and other malignancies, and thus these studies have provided new approaches for developing therapeutics for treating brain tumors. Her research has also investigated later stages of brain development when precursor cells migrate away from the stem cell niche where they are born, proliferate, and eventually exit the cell cycle and take on the properties of neurons. Segal and her colleagues identified a factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a chemotactic factor that controls neuron migration. Once neurons have migrated to their final destination and become incorporated into functional neural circuits, she has shown that BDNF, and its close relative nerve growth factor (NGF), work together to maintain circuit function. Segal has demonstrated that BDNF and NGF are transported from the outside of a cell to the cell's interior via signaling endosomes that function as critical mediators of cell survival within mature neural circuits. Segal has also revealed a role for the local translation of select mRNAs at synapses to promote neural circuit survival and function.

Academic leadership and awards In addition to her research, a major emphasis of Segal's professional life has been devoted toward the education of the next generation of neuroscientists. She has served as a faculty advisor in science at Radcliffe College. She was also the co-chair of the Department of Cancer Biology at Dana Farber Cancer Institute, as well as the Director of Harvard's PhD Program in Neuroscience. She has mentored numerous graduate students and post-doctoral fellows, and serves as a faculty advisor for the Harvard Women in Neuroscience program. She is the recipient of a number of awards that recognize her teaching and research accomplishments including the Robert Ebert Clinical Scholar's Award from the Klingenstein Foundation, a McDonnell Foundation Award from the James S. McDonnell Foundation, the National Institutes of Health Director's Pioneer Award in 2006, and the Casty Family Award for Achievement in Mentoring. She was awarded a two-year $250,000 grant from Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation in 2014. In 2017, she won the Harold Amos Faculty Diversity Award from Harvard Medical School.

Selected works Segal, Rosalind A.; Takahashi, Hiroshi; McKay, Ronald D.G. (December 1992). "Changes in neurotrophin responsiveness during the development of cerebellar granule neurons". Neuron. 9 (6): 1041–1052. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(92)90064-k. PMID 1463606. S2CID 23085882. Chan, Jennifer A; Balasubramanian, Srividya; Witt, Rochelle M; Nazemi, Kellie J; Choi, Yoojin; Pazyra-Murphy, Maria F; Walsh, Carolyn O; Thompson, Margaret; Segal, Rosalind A (April 2009). "Proteoglycan interactions with Sonic Hedgehog specify mitogenic responses". Nature Neuroscience. 12 (4): 409–417. doi:10.1038/nn.2287. PMC 2676236. PMID 19287388. Gruber Filbin, Mariella; Dabral, Sukriti K; Pazyra-Murphy, Maria F; Ramkissoon, Shakti; Kung, Andrew L; Pak, Ekaterina; Chung, Jarom; Theisen, Matthew A; Sun, Yanping; Franchetti, Yoko; Sun, Yu; Shulman, David S; Redjal, Navid; Tabak, Barbara; Beroukhim, Rameen; Wang, Qi; Zhao, Jean; Dorsch, Marion; Buonamici, Silvia; Ligon, Keith L; Kelleher, Joseph F; Segal, Rosalind A (November 2013). "Coordinate activation of Shh and PI3K signaling in PTEN-deficient glioblastoma: new therapeutic opportunities". Nature Medicine. 19 (11): 1518–1523. doi:10.1038/nm.3328. PMC 3923315. PMID 24076665. Dudek, Henryk; Datta, Sandeep Robert; Franke, Thomas F.; Birnbaum, Morris J.; Yao, Ryoji; Cooper, Geoffrey M.; Segal, Rosalind A.; Kaplan, David R.; Greenberg, Michael E. (31 January 1997). "Regulation of Neuronal Survival by the Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase Akt". Science. 275 (5300): 661–665. doi:10.1126/science.275.5300.661. PMID 9005851. S2CID 7658844. Ma, Qing; Jones, Dan; Borghesani, Paul R.; Segal, Rosalind A.; Nagasawa, Takashi; Kishimoto, Tadamitsu; Bronson, Roderick T.; Springer, Timothy A. (1998). "Impaired B-Lymphopoiesis, Myelopoiesis, and Derailed Cerebellar Neuron Migration in CXCR4- and SDF-1-Deficient Mice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (16): 9448–9453. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.9448M. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.16.9448. JSTOR 45494. PMC 21358. PMID 9689100. Segal, Rosalind A.; Greenberg, Michael E. (1 March 1996). "Intracellular Signaling Pathways Activated by Neuropathic Factors". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 19 (1): 463–489. doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.002335. PMID 8833451.

External links Harvard Medical School faculty page

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Rosalind A. Segal

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Rosalind A. Segal claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Rosalind A. Segal before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Rosalind A. Segal ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Rosalind A. Segal

In research: Rosalind A. Segal appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Rosalind A. Segal in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Rosalind A. Segal is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1958 births, 21st-century American women, American neuroscientists, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Rosalind A. Segal outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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Frequently asked questions

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