astronomy

Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer

Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer rather than just read about it. In short: The Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) was a NASA satellite that observed the time variation of astronomical X-ray sources, named after physicist Bruno Rossi. The RXTE had three instruments — an All-Sky Monitor, the High-Energy X-ray Timing Experiment (HEXTE) and the Proportional Counter Array.

Key takeaways

Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
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Connect Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) was a NASA satellite that observed the time variation of astronomical X-ray sources, named after physicist Bruno Rossi. The RXTE had three instruments — an All-Sky Monitor, the High-Energy X-ray Timing Experiment (HEXTE) and the Proportional Counter Array. The RXTE observed X-rays from black holes, neutron stars, X-ray pulsars and X-ray bursts. It was funded as part of the Explorer program and was also called Explorer 69. RXTE had a mass of 3,200 kg (7,100 lb) and was launched from Cape Canaveral on 30 December 1995, at 13:48:00 UTC, on a Delta II launch vehicle. Its International Designator is 1995-074A.

Mission The X-Ray Timing Explorer (XTE) mission has the primary objective to study the temporal and broad-band spectral phenomena associated with stellar and galactic systems containing compact objects in the energy range 2--200 KeV and in time scales from microseconds to years. Its instrumentation consists of two pointed instruments, the Proportional Counter Array (PCA) and the High-Energy X-ray Timing Experiment (HEXTE), and the All Sky Monitor (ASM), which scans over 70% of the sky each orbit. All of the XTE observing time were available to the international scientific community through a peer review of submitted proposals. XTE used a new spacecraft design that allows flexible operations through rapid pointing, high data rates, and nearly continuous receipt of data at the Science Operations Center (SOC) at Goddard Space Flight Center via a Multiple Access link to the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). XTE was highly maneuverable with a slew rate of greater than 6° per minute. The PCA/HEXTE could be pointed anywhere in the sky to an accuracy of less than 0.1°, with an aspect knowledge of around 1 arcminute. Rotatable solar panels enable anti-sunward pointing to coordinate with ground-based night-time observations. Two pointable high-gain antennas maintain nearly continuous communication with the TDRSS. This, together with 1 GB (approximately four orbits) of on-board solid-state data storage, give added flexibility in scheduling observations.

Telecommunications Required continuous TDRSS Multiple Access (MA) return link coverage except for zone of exclusion: Real-time and playback of engineering/housekeeping data at 16 or 32 kbs - Playback of science data at 48 or 64 kbs. Requires 20 minutes of SSA contacts with alternating TDRSS per orbit: Real-time and playback of engineering/housekeeping data at 32 kbs - Playback of science data at 512 or 1024 kbs. For launch and contingency, required TDRSS MA/SSA real-time engineering and housekeeping at 1 kbs. The bit error rate shall be less than 1 in 10E8 for at least 95% of the orbits.

Instruments

All-Sky Monitor (ASM) The All-Sky Monitor (ASM) provided all-sky X-ray coverage, to a sensitivity of a few percent of the Crab Nebula intensity in one day, in order to provide both flare alarms and long-term intensity records of celestial X-ray sources. The ASM consisted of three wide-angle shadow cameras equipped with proportional counters with a total collecting area of 90 cm2 (14 sq in). The instrumental properties were:

Energy range: 2–12-keV; Time resolution: observes 80% of the sky every 90 minutes; Spatial resolution: 3' × 15'; Number of shadow cameras: 3, each with 6° × 90° FoV; Collecting area: 90 cm2 (14 sq in); Detector: Xenon proportional counter, position-sensitive; Sensitivity: 30 mCrab. It was built by the CSR at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The principal investigator was Dr. Hale Bradt.

High Energy X-ray Timing Experiment (HEXTE) The High-Energy X-ray Timing Experiment (HEXTE) is a scintillator array for the study of temporal and temporal/spectral effects of the hard X-ray (20 to 200 keV) emission from galactic and extragalactic sources. The HEXTE consisted of two clusters each containing four phoswich scintillation detectors. Each cluster could "rock" (beam switch) along mutually orthogonal directions to provide background measurements 1.5° or 3.0° away from the source every 16 to 128 seconds. In addition, the input was sampled at 8 microseconds so as to detect time-varying phenomena. Automatic gain control was provided by using an 241Am radioactive source mounted in each detector's field of view. The HEXTE's basic properties were:

Energy range: 15–250 keV; Energy resolution: 15% at 60 keV; Time sampling: 8 microseconds; Field of view: 1° FWHM; Detectors: 2 clusters of 4 NaI/CsI scintillation counters; Collecting area: 2 × 800 cm2 (120 sq in); Sensitivity: 1-Crab = 360 count/second per HEXTE cluster; Background: 50 count/second per HEXTE cluster. The HEXTE was designed and built by the Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences (CASS) at the University of California, San Diego. The HEXTE principal investigator was Dr. Richard E. Rothschild.

Proportional Counter Array (PCA) The Proportional Counter Array (PCA) provides approximately 6,500 cm2 (1,010 sq in) of X-ray detector area, in the energy range 2 to 60 keV, for the study of temporal/spectral effects in the X-ray emission from galactic and extragalactic sources. The PCA was an array of five proportional counters with a total collecting area of 6,500 cm2 (1,010 sq in). The instrumental properties were:

Energy range: 2–60 keV; Energy resolution: <18% at 6 keV; Time resolution: 1 μs Spatial resolution: collimator with 1° (FWHM); Detectors: 5 proportional counters; Collecting area: 6,500 cm2 (1,010 sq in); Layers: 1 propane veto; 3 Xenon, each split into two; 1 Xenon veto layer; Sensitivity: 0.1-mCrab; Background: 90-mCrab. The PCA is being built by the Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics (LHEA) at Goddard Space Flight Center. The principal investigator was Jean Swank.

Results Observations from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer have been used as evidence for the existence of the frame-dragging effect predicted by the theory of general relativity of Einstein. RXTE results have, as of late 2007, been used in more than 1400 scientific papers. In January 2006, it was announced that Rossi had been used to locate a candidate intermediate-mass black hole named M82 X-1. In February 2006, data from RXTE was used to prove that the diffuse background X-ray glow in our galaxy comes from innumerable, previously undetected white dwarfs and from other stars' coronae. In April 2008, RXTE data was used to infer the size of the smallest known black hole. RXTE ceased science operations on 12 January 2012.

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Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer

In research: Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Explorers Program, Space telescopes, Spacecraft launched in 1995, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer in simple terms?

Why does Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer.