The Royal Exhibition Building is a UNESCO World Heritage-listed building in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, built in 1879–1880 as part of the international exhibition movement, which presented over 50 exhibitions between 1851 and 1915 around the globe. The building sits on approximately 26 hectares (64 acres), is 150 metres (490 ft) long and is surrounded by four city streets. It is situated at 9 Nicholson Street in the Carlton Gardens, flanked by Victoria, Carlton and Rathdowne Streets, at the north-eastern edge of the central business district. It was built to host the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880–81, and then hosted the even larger Centennial International Exhibition in 1888. It was then chosen as the site for the Federation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The building is representative of the financial wealth and pride that the city of Melbourne and state of Victoria had in the 1870s. Throughout the 20th century smaller sections and wings of the building were subject to demolition and fire; however, the main building, known as the Great Hall, survived. On 1 October 1980, it was announced that Queen Elizabeth II had conferred the title of "Royal" to the Exhibition Building. It received restoration throughout the 1990s and in 2004 became the first building in Australia to be awarded UNESCO World Heritage status, being one of the last remaining major 19th-century exhibition buildings in the world. It is the world's most complete surviving site from the International Exhibition movement 1851–1914. It sits adjacent to the Melbourne Museum and is the largest item in Museum Victoria's collection. Today, the building hosts various exhibitions and other events and is closely tied with events at the Melbourne Museum.
History
Background
The city's first exhibition building was erected in 1854, inspired by The Crystal Palace the "grand glass exhibition hall" was on the site of the Melbourne Mint at the corner of William and Little Lonsdale Streets which hosted the Melbourne Exhibition of 1854. It was demolished in 1869 after going into disrepair, paving the way for a much bigger building. The current building was first proposed in November 1877 when a committee was appointed to prepare a bid to the international exhibition committee by 1879. The original site was proposed to be Flinders Park however a rival proposal to situate it at Carlton Gardens quickly gathered momentum. Flinders Park was seen as having the logistical benefit of rail transport links, in particular Princes Bridge railway station and a possible additional dedicated station on what became Jolimont Yard while the gardens were seen as an opportunity to improve the park's amenity and the ideal position for a new landmark within walking distance to the majority of the local residents. A budget of £100,000 for its construction was proposed. The site was formally announced as Carlton Gardens on 27 June 1878. A mooted rail connection to the site down Nicholson Street did not eventuate.
Design
The New Exhibition Bill (1878) passed by parliament paved the way for £210,000 in government funding, more than double the original budget for the building, with a public competition held in May of that year. Eighteen entries were made with the winner, celebrated local architect Joseph Reed, receiving first prize of £300. Second was Lloyd Tayler, with a similarly domed neoclassical design, was awarded £200 and was appointed exhibition commissioner, with third place going to Peter Matthews who received £100. Reed was a prolific practitioner working in the Reed and Barnes partnership also designing the Melbourne Town Hall, the State Library of Victoria, and the Baroque style gardens. The Royal Exhibition Building was the largest design completed by Reed and Barnes. According to Reed, the eclectic design was inspired by many sources. Composed of brick, timber, steel, and slate, the Exhibition Building is representative of the Byzantine, Romanesque, Lombardic and Italian Renaissance styles. The dome was modeled on the Florence Cathedral, while the main pavilions were influenced by the style of Rundbogenstil and several buildings from Normandy, Caen and Paris. The building has the scale of the French Beaux Arts, with a cruciform plan in the shape of a Latin cross, with long nave-like wings symmetrically placed east–west about the central dome, and a shorter wing to the north. The Great Hall was to be crowned by an octagonal drum and dome rising 68 metres, and 18.3 metres across formed using cast iron and timber frame and has a double shell. At the crossing, windows in the drum of the dome were designed to bring in sunlight for a bright open space. The interior designed called for murals and the words "Victoria Welcomes All Nations" under the dome.
Construction
Tenders were called for its construction on 2 December 1878. David Mitchell, who also built Scots' Church and St Patrick's Cathedral was the contractor. Mitchell was a member of the Council of the Royal Agricultural society and also the Builders and Contractor's association. The foundation stone was laid by Victorian governor George Bowen on 19 February 1879 and it was completed in just 18 months, opening on 1 October 1880, as the Melbourne International Exhibition. The building consisted of a Great Hall of over 12,000 square metres, flanking lower annexes to the north on the east and west sides, and many temporary galleries between.
Opening, Centennial International Exhibition (1880) and Melbourne Centennial Exhibition (1888)
During the 1880s, the building hosted two major International Exhibitions: The Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880 and the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition in 1888, celebrating a century of European settlement in Australia. In 1888, electric lighting was installed for the Centennial International Exhibition, making it one of the first in the world that was accessible during night time. The interior decorations changed between the two exhibitions of 1880 and 1888. In 1880, the walls were left bare and windows and door joinery coloured green. In 1888, walls were painted for the first time. The decoration was by interior designer John Ross Anderson.
Temporary seat of government
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