Rudolf Geiger

Key takeaways

Rudolf Geiger belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Rudolf Geiger to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Rudolf Geiger from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Rudolf Oskar Robert Williams Geiger (; German: [ˈɡaɪɡɐ]; 24 August 1894 – 22 January 1981) was a German officer, meteorologist and climatologist. He was the son of Indologist Wilhelm Geiger and the brother of physicist Hans Geiger.

Life Prof. Dr. phil. Dr. rer. nat. h. c. Geiger was among those scientists whose insights add to the body of knowledge and invigorate research. Through systematic investigations, he laid the foundations for "micrometeorology," "microclimatology," and, in particular, "forest meteorology." His 180 publications—as well as his lectures and talks—were characterized by their clarity, richness of content, and vitality. The name Rudolf Geiger remains linked to seminal works such as Das Klima der bodennahen Luftschicht (The Climate of the Air Layer Near the Ground) and Mikroklima und Pflanzenklima (Microclimate and Plant Climate), as well as the wall maps Klimate der Erde (Climates of the Earth) and Atmosphäre der Erde (Atmosphere of the Earth), and the transparency series Klima der Kontinente (Climate of the Continents) within the Perthes Transparent Atlas. His correlation of meteorological phenomena with the processes and effects observed across all biological and technical domains also fostered the development of "applied climatology" and "environmental research." In 1948, he succeeded Prof. August Schmauß as Full Professor of Meteorology at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. In this capacity, he also directed the Institute for Forest Meteorology at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. He worked with Wladimir Köppen on climatology, hence the Köppen–Geiger climate classification. Following his retirement in 1959, the scholar spent his twilight years in his large home in Munich-Pasing, together with his wife, with whom he had shared his life for over sixty years.

Memberships (excerpt) 1933 Reichsbund der Deutschen Beamten member of the Fachschaft or Administrative Department 11 (Forestry Administration) from October 1933 to 31 May 1938 1938 National Socialist Teachers League member from 1 June 1938 to February 1943 27 March 1940 Full Member of the Hermann Göring Academy of German Forestry Science 1952 Full Member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences 1958–1961 Class Secretary 1958–1959 Vice President 1963–1965 Secretary of the Commission for Glaciology 1955 Member of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina

Honors 1964 Honorary Member of the Meteorological Society of Japan 1964 Honorary Member of the Meteorological Society of Munich 1966 Honorary Member of the Association of German Meteorological Societies

Promotions and appointments 11 January 1915 Kriegsfreiwilliger (War Volunteer) 10 November 1915 Unteroffizier (NCO/Corporal/Junior Sergeant) 30 July 1916 Vizewachtmeister (Vice Sergeant/Vice Staff Sergeant) 11 June 1917 Fähnrich (Officer Cadet) and Leutnant (2nd Lieutenant) without Patent (simultaneously) 26 October 1917 received Patent as Leutnant from 18 June 1915 13 January 1919 Leutnant der Reserve (2nd Lieutenant of the Reserves) 31 August 1922 Charakter als Oberleutnant der Reserves a. D. (Honorary 1st Lieutenant of the Reserves, Retired) 1939 Oberleutnant zur Verfügung der Luftwaffe (1st Lieutenant at the disposal of the Luftwaffe) 19 August 1941 Oberregierungsrat der Reserve (Senior Government Councilor of the Reserves) 19 August 1941 appointed head of the Meteorological Experimental Group of the Naval Weather Service (Training of Kriegsmarine Meteorologists) 18 January 1945 Transferred to the OKH / Army General Staff, Foreign Armies East Department under Reinhard Gehlen A "special assignment" (presumably of a meteorological nature) within Group I—the "Leadership Group"—specifically in Sub-group Ia under Gerhard Wessel; the Ia section was responsible, within the department, for compiling the organization's own situational assessments. Furthermore, the Ia section monitored developments in other theaters of war in order to, where appropriate, utilize critical information from other parts of the world for the benefit of the FHO, or to alert other FHO personnel to significant events.

Awards, decorations and honors Iron Cross (1914), 2nd Class on 24 March 1916 Military Merit Order (Bavaria), 4th Class with Swords (BMV4X/BM4X) on 18 October 1917 Wound Badge (1918) in Black on 10 July 1918 Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (1934) with Swords on 7 January 1935 Civil Service Faithful Service Medal, 2nd Grade in Silver for 25 years on 20 August 1938 War Merit Cross (1939), 2nd and 1st Class with Swords 2nd Class on 20 April 1943 1st Class on 1 September 1944 Bavarian Order of Merit in 1959 Peter Lenné Gold Medal of the Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Foundation, Basel in 1977

Honors (excerpt) 8 September 1937 Secretary of the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology of the International Meteorological Organization 1964 Festschrift (commemorative volume) by his students on the occasion of his 70th birthday 1968 Honorary Doctorate (Dr. rer. nat. h. c.) from the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Hohenheim

Sources German Federal Archives: BArch RH 7/959 and R 4901/13263 Prof. Dr. Rudolf Geiger zum 70. Geburtstag. Festschrift herausgegeben von seinen Schülern. Universität München – Meteorologisches Institut. Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen Nr. 9, 1964 (with image). Baumgartner, Albert/ Nachruf – Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Rudolf Geiger. In: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Meteorologischen Gesellschaft Jg. 33, 1981, H. 1, S. 21–24.

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Rudolf Geiger

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Rudolf Geiger claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Rudolf Geiger before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Rudolf Geiger ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Rudolf Geiger

In research: Rudolf Geiger appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Rudolf Geiger in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Rudolf Geiger is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1894 births, 1981 deaths, 20th-century German scientists, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Rudolf Geiger outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study Rudolf Geiger in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Rudolf Geiger means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Rudolf Geiger out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Rudolf Geiger in simple terms?

Rudolf Oskar Robert Williams Geiger (; German: [ˈɡaɪɡɐ]; 24 August 1894 – 22 January 1981) was a German officer, meteorologist and climatologist. He was the son of Indologist Wilhelm Geiger and the brother of physicist Hans Geiger.

Why does Rudolf Geiger matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Rudolf Geiger?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Rudolf Geiger.