S. A. Agulhas II

Key takeaways

S. A. Agulhas II belongs to mathematics; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect S. A. Agulhas II to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of S. A. Agulhas II from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

S. A. Agulhas II is a South African icebreaking polar supply and research vessel owned by the Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment. She was built in 2012 by STX Finland Rauma shipyard in Rauma, Finland, to replace the ageing S. A. Agulhas, which was retired from Antarctic service in April 2012. Unlike her predecessor, S. A. Agulhas II was designed from the beginning to carry out both scientific research and supply South African research stations in the Antarctic. During a voyage to the Weddell Sea in February and March 2022, the Agulhas II served as the mother ship for the Endurance22 Expedition of the Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust. Using a submersible vehicle, participants in the expedition located the wreck of Sir Ernest Shackleton's ship, Endurance, at a depth of 11,000 ft (3,400 m) beneath the surface on the floor of Weddell Sea. The Endurance had sunk in 1915 after being crushed by ice. As of 2025 she is one of several ships that regularly take passengers to and from Tristan da Cunha. The British territory does not have an airport, and so relies on ships.

Development and construction

In November 2009 the South African Department of Water and Environmental Affairs signed a 116 million euro (R 1.3 billion) contract with STX Finland for the construction of a new polar research and supply vessel that would replace the ageing S. A. Agulhas, which was scheduled to be retired by 2012. The shipyard, located in Rauma, Finland, beat competing bids from Astellero Barreras from Spain, Damen Shipyards from the Netherlands and Keppel Singmarine from Singapore. The production began with the steel-cutting ceremony in September 2010. The keel of the new ship, referred to by her yard number as NB 1369, was laid down on 31 January 2011. She was launched on 21 July 2011 and named S. A. Agulhas II. S. A. Agulhas II conducted her open water sea trials in February 2012 and, in order to verify the results of model tests, ice trials in the Bay of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea between 19 and 24 March. During the latter voyage the ship encountered level ice up to 0.6 metres (2.0 ft) thick and performed beyond expectations. In addition the hull and machinery of the vessel were instrumented to measure full-scale ice loads, and in the future S. A. Agulhas II will be used as a research platform by companies and universities from Finland and South Africa to gain more knowledge about the interaction between ice and the ship. S. A. Agulhas II was handed over to the South African Department of Environmental Affairs on 4 April 2012 and left Finland for South Africa the following day. She arrived at her home port, Cape Town on 3 May. During a ceremony celebrating the arrival, the ship was dedicated to the memory of the singer Miriam Makeba.

Design

General characteristics The maximum overall length of S. A. Agulhas II is 134.2 metres (440 ft) and her length between perpendiculars is 121.25 metres (397.8 ft). The beam and depth of her hull are 21.7 metres (71 ft) and 10.55 metres (34.6 ft), respectively, and the maximum breadth of the ship is 22 metres (72 ft). The draught of S. A. Agulhas II is 7.65 metres (25.1 ft). Her displacement is 13,687 tons, gross tonnage is 12,897, net tonnage 3,870 and deadweight tonnage 4,780 tons. She is served by a crew of 45. S. A. Agulhas II is classified by Det Norske Veritas with a class notation 1A1 PC-5 WINTERIZED BASIC Passenger Ship LFL* COMF-V(2)C(2) HELDK-SHF DEICE RP E0 DYNPOS-AUT NAUT-AW CLEAN DESIGN DAT(−35 °C) BIS TMON. Her ice class, Polar Class 5, means that she is designed for year-round operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions. Her decks are heated to prevent ice accumulation in temperatures as low as −35 °C (−31 °F). S. A. Agulhas II is the first ship of her kind to be built to the new SOLAS 2009 rules for passenger ships, leading to several unique aspects in her design.

Facilities Unlike her predecessor, S. A. Agulhas II was built from the beginning as both a polar supply ship as well as a research vessel. She has both onboard laboratories for scientific research as well as cargo holds and tanks for supplies for South African polar research stations. In addition she has accommodations for 100 passengers in 46 cabins and facilities such as gym, library, sauna, business centre and a 100-seat auditorium. S. A. Agulhas II has eight permanent and six containerized laboratories for different fields of marine, environmental, biological and climate research totalling 800 square metres (8,600 sq ft). Deep-water probes can be launched either via a large door in the side of the vessel or, if the ship is operating in ice-infested waters, through a 2.4-by-2.4-metre (7.9 by 7.9 ft) moon pool. A drop keel containing transducers for the measurement of plankton density and ocean currents can be lowered 3 metres (9.8 ft) below the bottom of the ship. A hydraulic A-frame in the stern of the ship can be used to tow sampling nets and dredges. To transport supplies to polar research stations, the ship has a 4,000-cubic-metre (140,000 cu ft) cargo hold located in the bow of the vessel. It is served by a 35-ton main crane and three 10-ton general cargo cranes, all of which can also be used to lower scientific equipment and vehicles on ice. When heavy loads are being lifted, a heeling tank is used to balance the vessel. S. A. Agulhas II is the first ship of her kind to be allowed to carry both passengers and fuel, such as polar diesel, Jet A helicopter fuel and petrol, as cargo. S. A. Agulhas II has a hangar and helideck capable of serving two Atlas Oryx or Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma helicopters. She also has two fast rescue craft, which are on standby during helicopter operations, and two fully enclosed lifeboats for 75 personnel. S.A. Agulhas II is fitted with a state-of-the-art Raytheon Anschutz integrated bridge navigation system. The vessel maintains positioning during offloading at the ice shelf, as well as during scientific survey work, using a Navis Engineering DP4000 dynamic positioning system.

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with S. A. Agulhas II

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what S. A. Agulhas II claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In mathematics, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to S. A. Agulhas II before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about S. A. Agulhas II ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of S. A. Agulhas II

In research: S. A. Agulhas II appears in mathematics research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses S. A. Agulhas II in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: S. A. Agulhas II is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 2011 ships, IMO numbers, Icebreakers of South Africa, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for S. A. Agulhas II outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study S. A. Agulhas II in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what S. A. Agulhas II means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain S. A. Agulhas II out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is S. A. Agulhas II in simple terms?

S. A.

Why does S. A. Agulhas II matter?

Because it connects several mathematics ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study S. A. Agulhas II?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on S. A. Agulhas II.