Saenger or Sänger was a West German concept design for a two-stage-to-orbit spaceplane. It is named after Eugen Sänger, who had been a key figure in the development of the concept for aerospace company Junkers. Its first incarnation, designated as Saenger I, started development during the 1960s. German aerospace firm Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) produced concepts for its use as both a hypersonic passenger airliner and as a two-stage launch vehicle for deploying various payloads, including astronauts via the conceptual Horus (Hypersonic Orbital Upper Stage) spaceplane, into orbit. These ideas drew the support of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), leading to further detailed studies being conducted as a part of a national-level hypersonic study. During the 1980s, the German government took increasing interest in the project for use as a reusable launch system, resulting in the project gaining official support and work commencing on an enlarged version of the vehicle, known as Saenger II. Work on the project was terminated during 1995 as a consequence of the high projected costs of proceeding and perceived limited performance gains (in comparison to existing expendable launch systems such as the Ariane 5 rocket).
Development During the early 1940s, German engineer and rocket scientist Eugen Sänger produced the initial designs for a two-stage rocket-aircraft. Proposed in the backdrop of the Second World War, it was proposed that the envisioned aircraft for military purposes; in concept, this vehicle would have been capable of travelling at speeds of up to 17,000 kilometers per hour, traversing the Atlantic ocean and dropping a one-tonne payload of armaments upon targets on the East Coast of the United States, including New York City. While such an aircraft was never constructed at this time, as a concept, it served as a starting point for later work. During the 1960s and 1970s, Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) resumed work on the concept, which became known as Saenger. The study project drew the attention of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), who formally adopted it as a reference concept for a West German hypersonic programme. Saenger was viewed as being a potential passenger airliner, which would have been both larger and faster than the Anglo-French Concorde, as well as for its use for launching payloads into low Earth orbit (LEO). Another key potential use for the type was as a first stage of a two-stage launch platform for an envisioned spacecraft, which was known as Horus (Hypersonic Orbital Upper Stage), as well as an uncrewed cargo module, which was known as Cargus (Cargo Upper Stage). It was also believed that, in theory, Saenger was to have been capable of reducing the costs of launching payloads into orbit from $3,500 per pound to $500 per pound; the projected launch cost was viewed as a major economic argument for proceeding with development.
During the mid-1980s, official interest in the Saenger programme became increasingly prominent. In June 1985, a formal presentation on the Saenger launch system was made to the European Space Agency (ESA) council. At this point, the ESA had three competing projects to consider, aside from Saenger, these being the French Hermes and HOTOL. According to aerospace publication Flight International, from the onset, it was apparent that funding from the ESA would already be difficult to obtain, both due to the agency's lack of available budget and a perceived lack of political support for the programme. While German support for Saenger was present, there was also a widely-felt desire for the ESA to de-emphasise and de-prioritise the development and deployment of independent crewed space programmes, instead focusing upon the utilisation of existing capabilities and other space-related research programmes. The West German government came to an agreement to finance development work on the Saenger; this was intended to work towards a component demonstration, which was scheduled to be held between 1993 and 1999, and a prototype, which was to be completed by 2000. Throughout the first phase, which had been anticipated to run into 1992, the West German Research Ministry provided $122 million, 7 per cent of its space-related budget, while the DLR contributed $48 million, the German Research Society gave $17 million, and German industry invested another $22 million. During August 1988, the first configuration of the Saenger was established. By this point, the projected time and cost involved in order to fully complete development work was $12 billion over the course of 20 years. However, attention within the German government was not focused on Saenger alone; a rival Hermes spaceplane, which had been approved by the European Space Agency (ESA), also attracted attention and was viewed as having broader support amongst European partners. In 1995, the project was discontinued primarily due to concerns of development costs and limited gains in price and performance compared to the existing space launch systems such as the Ariane 5 rocket.
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