astronomy

Salomon Z. Langer

Salomon Z. Langer is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Salomon Z. Langer rather than just read about it. In short: Salomon Zender Langer is a pharmacologist known for his prominent work in neurotransmission and drug discovery. He was born in 1936 in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Key takeaways

Salomon Z. Langer belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Salomon Z. Langer to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Salomon Z. Langer from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Salomon Zender Langer is a pharmacologist known for his prominent work in neurotransmission and drug discovery. He was born in 1936 in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Early life and education His parents were Polish Jews who immigrated to Argentina in the early 1930s. He grew up in Buenos Aires, and graduated in 1960 from the School of Medicine of Buenos Aires University with the Gold Medal (a distinction awarded to the highest grade point average over medical studies). He married Martha Faigelbaum in 1960 and they had three daughters.

Career In 1962 he received a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship to continue his studies at Tulane University, New Orleans, and his fellowship was prolonged to join the Department of Pharmacology at Harvard University from 1963 until the end of 1966. His research was on the mechanisms involving denervation supersensitivity. with Ullrich Trendelenburg. From 1966 to 1967 he received a fellowship from the Heymans Institute, Ghent, Belgium. From 1967 to 1969 he received a fellowship as a Senior Research Fellow to work at the Institute of Animal Physiology, Cambridge, England, with Marthe Vogt on norepinephrine (NE) uptake and the regulation of NE release elicited by nerve stimulation as well as the metabolic fate of the released neurotransmitter. He also worked with Leslie Iversen at the Department of Pharmacology, Cambridge University. In 1969, he returned to Argentina where he was appointed Director of the Institute for Pharmacological Research. His work led to the discovery of the presynaptic inhibitory Alpha-adrenoceptors on noradrenergic nerve terminals and their role in the modulation of the NE release during nerve stimulation In 1974, Dr. Langer discovered the Alpha-2 adrenoceptors and characterized the pharmacological differences between alpha 1-adrenoceptors and alpha 2-adrenoceptors, establishing that the latter corresponded to the presynaptic auto-receptors In 1975-1976, he provided the first extensive and rigorous evidence "in vitro" and "in vivo" of co-transmission (norepinephrine and adenosine triphosphate or ATP) in the cat's nictitating membrane. In 1976, Dr. Langer became Head of the Department of Pharmacology at the Wellcome Research Laboratories in Beckenham, Kent, UK. In 1977 he was appointed Director of Biology at fr:Synthélabo Research in Paris, France, where he was later to become the Research Director and Vice-President. Between 1979-1980, the research team directed by Dr. Langer discovered a specific, high-affinity binding site for 3H-imipramine and later 3H-paroxetine, which is associated with the serotonin transporter in the brain and in blood platelets of various species, including man. 3H-paroxetine was subsequently used as a marker in the purification of the serotonin transporter for cloning and expression. Throughout the 1980s Dr. Langer continued his work on presynaptic autoreceptors regulating norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) release and reported the interactions in neurotransmission between the neuronal transporter and the corresponding autoreceptor.

In 1984 he was listed among the 250 most-cited scientific primary authors according to the ISI (Institute for Scientific Information) Citation Index

During the 23 years at Synthelabo, Dr. Langer discovered and developed five compounds : Diltiazem, Betaxolol, Alfusozin, Zolpidem and Mizolastine. From 2000 to 2007 Dr Langer joined Compugen, an Israeli biotechnology company, as Senior Vice-President of Molecular biology and drug discovery. After moving to Israel, in 2014 Dr. Langer founded the drug company Synaptic Pharma Ltd to develop Eliprodil, a noncompetitive antagonist of the ionotropic NMDA receptor for a rapid onset antidepressant action in severely drug-resistant depressed patients. Dr Langer is among the highly cited researchers (ISI) in Pharmacology since 1981 (total citations 34640 in October 2025). Dr Langer has published more than 450 scientific articles and is holder of more than twenty patents in France, USA and Japan. He was editor of fourteen books and member of editorial boards of numerous scientific journals.

Awards and prizes 1960: Gold medal to the best graduate at the Medical School, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina 1962: School of Medicine Award given to the best doctoral thesis of the year: « Audiogenic seizures », University of Buenos Aires, Argentina 1962: Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship 1976: Guggenheim Fellowship for research in cardiovascular pharmacology 1977: Gaddum Memorial Lecture Award by the British Pharmacological Society 1980: G.E. Brown Memorial Lecture of the American Heart Association 1981:First International Prize of the Anna-Monika Foundation (Dortmund, West Germany) for research in the field of endogenous depression. 1986: Pythagoras Prize in Pharmacology. Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Calabria, Italy. 1991:Otto Krayer Award in Pharmacology, presented by ASPET (American Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics) 1991: Ciba Award in Hypertension, presented by the Council for High Blood Pressure of the American Heart Association, USA. 1993: Eli Lilly Award in Neuroscience from the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology(ECNP). 1999: Lieber Prize in Schizophrenia presented by the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD), USA. 2000: ASPET Award of the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2002: Julius Axelrod Award Medal for research in the field of Catecholamines (ASPET). 2009: Mark Nickerson Memorial Lecture at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 2009:Inaugural Norman Weiner Memorial Award by the International College of Neurophychopharmacology (CINP) 2010: Pioneers in Psychopharmacology Award by the CINP

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Salomon Z. Langer

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Salomon Z. Langer claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Salomon Z. Langer before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Salomon Z. Langer ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Salomon Z. Langer

In research: Salomon Z. Langer appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Salomon Z. Langer in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Salomon Z. Langer is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1936 births, Argentine scientists, Harvard University alumni, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Salomon Z. Langer outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Salomon Z. Langer in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Salomon Z. Langer means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Salomon Z. Langer out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Salomon Z. Langer in simple terms?

Salomon Zender Langer is a pharmacologist known for his prominent work in neurotransmission and drug discovery. He was born in 1936 in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Why does Salomon Z. Langer matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Salomon Z. Langer?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Salomon Z. Langer.