Sample-rate conversion, sampling-frequency conversion or resampling is the process of changing the sampling rate of a discrete signal to obtain a new discrete representation of the underlying continuous signal. Application areas include image scaling and audio/visual systems, where different sampling rates may be used for engineering, economic, or historical reasons. For example, Compact Disc Digital Audio and Digital Audio Tape systems use different sampling rates, and American television, European television, and movies all use different frame rates. Sample-rate conversion prevents changes in speed and pitch that would otherwise occur when transferring recorded material between such systems. More specific types of resampling include: upsampling or upscaling; downsampling, downscaling, or decimation; and interpolation. The term multi-rate digital signal processing is sometimes used to refer to systems that incorporate sample-rate conversion.
Techniques Conceptual approaches to sample-rate conversion include: converting to an analog continuous signal, then resampling at the new rate, or calculating the values of the new samples directly from the old samples. The latter approach is more satisfactory since it introduces less noise and distortion. Two possible implementation methods are as follows:
If the ratio of the two sample rates is (or can be approximated by) a fixed rational number L/M: generate an intermediate signal by inserting L − 1 zeros between each of the original samples. Low-pass filter this signal at half of the lower of the two rates. Select every M-th sample from the filtered output to obtain the result. Treat the samples as geometric points and create any needed new points by interpolation. Choosing an interpolation method is a trade-off between implementation complexity and conversion quality (according to application requirements). Commonly used are: zero-order hold (for film/video frames), cubic (for image processing) and windowed sinc function (for audio). The two methods are mathematically identical: picking an interpolation function in the second scheme is equivalent to picking the impulse response of the filter in the first scheme. Linear interpolation is equivalent to a triangular impulse response; windowed sinc approximates a brick-wall filter (it approaches the desirable brick-wall filter as the number of points increases). The length of the impulse response of the filter in method 1 corresponds to the number of points used in interpolation in method 2. In method 1, a slow pre-computation (such as the Remez algorithm) can be used to obtain an optimal (per application requirements) filter design. Method 2 will work in more general cases, e.g., where the ratio of sample rates is not rational, or two real-time streams must be accommodated, or the sample rates are time-varying. See decimation and upsampling for further information on sample-rate conversion filter design/implementation.
Examples
Film and television The slow-scan TV signals from the Apollo Moon missions were converted to the conventional TV rates for the viewers at home. Digital interpolation schemes were not practical at that time, so analog conversion was used. This was based on a TV-rate camera viewing a monitor displaying the Apollo slow-scan images. Movies (shot at 24 frames per second) are converted to television (roughly 50 or 60 fields per second). To convert a 24-frame/second movie to 60-field/second television, for example, alternate movie frames are shown 2 and 3 times, respectively. For 50 Hz systems such as PAL, each frame is shown twice. Since 50 is not exactly 2 × 24, the movie will run 50 / 48 = 4% faster, and the audio pitch will be 4% higher, an effect known as PAL speed-up. This is often accepted for simplicity, but more complex methods are possible that preserve the running time and pitch. Every twelfth frame can be repeated 3 times rather than twice, or digital interpolation (see above) can be used in a video scaler.
Audio Audio on Compact Disc has a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz; to transfer it to a digital medium that uses 48 kHz, method 1 above can be used with L = 160, M = 147 (since 48000 / 44100 = 160 / 147). For the reverse conversion, the values of L and M are swapped. Per above, in both cases, the low-pass filter should be set to 22.05 kHz.
Operating systems Microsoft Windows and Android are examples of operating systems that perform sample-rate conversion.
Media players Many media player software (such as foobar2000) include an internal sample-rate conversion feature. Compared to operating system level audio resampling, the media player software itself may implement high-quality audio resampling algorithms, but uses more CPU resources.
See also Sample rate conversion in multiple dimensions:
Multivariate interpolation Techniques and processing that may involve sample-rate conversion:
Oversampling Transcoding Techniques used in related processes:
Dither
Notes
References
Further reading Crochiere, R.E.; Rabiner, L.R. (1983). Multirate Digital Signal Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0136051626.
External links Digital Audio Resampling Home Page Multi-Rate Processing and Sample Rate Conversion: A Tutorial The Quest For The Perfect Resampler (PDF) Digital resampling by using polynomial interpolation. Farrow filter Archived 2018-10-01 at the Wayback Machine Using Farrow filter on the basis of piecewise cubic polynomial interpolation for digital signal resampling Archived 2018-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
