science

Samuel Linde

Samuel Linde is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Samuel Linde rather than just read about it. In short: Samuel Bogumił Linde (born Samuel Gottlieb Linde; Toruń, 11 or 24 April 1771 – 8 August 1847, Warsaw) was a Polish linguist, librarian, and lexicographer of Swedish-German extraction. He was director of the Prussian-founded Warsaw Lyceum during its existence (1804–31) and an important figure in the Polish Enlightenment.

Key takeaways

Samuel Linde belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Samuel Linde to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Samuel Linde from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Samuel Bogumił Linde (born Samuel Gottlieb Linde; Toruń, 11 or 24 April 1771 – 8 August 1847, Warsaw) was a Polish linguist, librarian, and lexicographer of Swedish-German extraction. He was director of the Prussian-founded Warsaw Lyceum during its existence (1804–31) and an important figure in the Polish Enlightenment.

Life

Samuel Gottlieb Linde was born in Toruń, Crown of Poland, which 22 years later, after his birth, as a result of the Second Partition of Poland, became a city under the rule of the King of Prussia (Prussian Poland), to Jan Jacobsen Linde, a master locksmith and member of the city council who had immigrated from Sweden, and Anna Barbara, née Langenhann. His mother's family originated from Coburg. His second name Gottlieb has been rendered in Polish as Bogumił. Linde came from a German-speaking family but learned the Polish language in Leipzig in order to serve as a lector of Polish at University of Leipzig where he had previously studied theology and philology. In 1793 he began to collaborate with supporters of the Constitution of 3 May 1791. During the Kościuszko Uprising (1794) he was in Warsaw and supported Hugo Kołłątaj. In 1795–1803 he was a librarian to Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński and began gathering material for his future dictionary for Polish and other Slavic grammar and expressions by traveling for six years through Galicia and to Moldova. He became director at the newly established Königlich-Preußisches Lyzäum in Warsaw, the later Warsaw Lyceum (1804–31). Linde hired Frédéric Chopin's father, Nicolas Chopin, as a teacher of French language. The composer himself studied at the Lyceum in 1823–26. Linde was a Lutheran and he was instrumental in establishing the Lutheran community in Warsaw. He is buried at the Evangelical Cemetery of the Augsburg Confession in Warsaw. Linde married Ludwika Nussbaum, originally from Switzerland. Their daughter Ludwika Emilia Izabela married Leopold Otto, a Lutheran pastor.

Works Linde's major work was Słownik języka polskiego (Dictionary of the Polish Language), a six-volume monolingual dictionary, of lasting importance for Slavic lexicography, published in Warsaw in 1807–14. It was the first major dictionary of the Polish language. The second edition was published posthumously in Lemberg (Polish Lwów, now Lviv) in 1854–1861. Both editions are now present in several digital libraries.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Samuel Linde

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Samuel Linde claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Samuel Linde before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Samuel Linde ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Samuel Linde

In research: Samuel Linde appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Samuel Linde in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Samuel Linde is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1771 births, 1847 deaths, Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Samuel Linde outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Samuel Linde in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Samuel Linde means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Samuel Linde out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Samuel Linde in simple terms?

Why does Samuel Linde matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Samuel Linde?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Samuel Linde.