astronomy

Samuel Wooster James

Samuel Wooster James is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Samuel Wooster James rather than just read about it. In short: Samuel James is an American scientist, a researcher specializing in evolutionary biology, focusing on earthworm taxonomy. James, with fellow researchers, has discovered numerous species of annelids, including Diplocardia californiana, Diplocardia woodi, Diplocardia montana, and a new species related to the Giant Palouse earthworm.

Key takeaways

Samuel Wooster James belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Samuel Wooster James to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Samuel Wooster James from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Samuel James is an American scientist, a researcher specializing in evolutionary biology, focusing on earthworm taxonomy. James, with fellow researchers, has discovered numerous species of annelids, including Diplocardia californiana, Diplocardia woodi, Diplocardia montana, and a new species related to the Giant Palouse earthworm. Since January 2011, James has been working on phylogenomic investigation of the evolutionary history of Annelida, as part of the WormNet II: Assembling the Tree of Life for Annelida project, along with researchers Christer Erseus and Bronwyn W. Williams. He is currently part of the University of Iowa's Department of Biology, where he is an Associate Adjunct Professor. Prior to the University of Iowa, James was a research associate at the University of Kansas, Biodiversity Institute, from 2003 until 2009.

List of new species observed

List of publications

1980-1984 James, S.W. 1982. Effects of fire and soil type on earthworm populations in a tallgrass prairie. Pedobiologia 24:37-40. Boucher, D., S.W. James and K.E. Keeler. 1982. The ecology of mutualism. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13:315-347.

1985-1989 James S.W. (1985). "An unexpected effect of autumn burning on tallgrass prairie". American Midland Naturalist. 114 (2): 400–403. doi:10.2307/2425615. JSTOR 2425615. James S.W., Seastedt T.R. (1986). "Nitrogen mineralization by native and introduced earthworms: effects on big bluestem growth". Ecology. 67 (4): 1094–1097. Bibcode:1986Ecol...67.1094J. doi:10.2307/1939833. JSTOR 1939833. Seastedt T.R., Todd T.C., James S.W. (1987). "Experimental manipulations of the arthropod, nematode and earthworm communities in a North American tallgrass prairie". Pedobiologia. 30 (1): 9–17. Bibcode:1987Pedob..30....9S. doi:10.1016/S0031-4056(23)00351-7. S2CID 89151688.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) James S.W. (1988). "Diplocardia hulberti and D. rugosa, new earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Kansas". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 101: 300–307. James S.W. (1988). "The postfire environment and earthworm populations in tallgrass prairie". Ecology. 69 (2): 476–483. Bibcode:1988Ecol...69..476J. doi:10.2307/1940446. JSTOR 1940446. Seastedt, T.R., S.W. James and T.C. Todd. 1989 Interactions among soil invertebrates, microbes and plant growth in the tallgrass prairie. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 24:219-228. James S.W., Cunningham M.R. (1989). "Feeding ecology of some earthworms in Kansas tallgrass prairie". American Midland Naturalist. 121 (1): 78–83. doi:10.2307/2425658. JSTOR 2425658.

1990-1994 James S.W. (1990). "Diplocardia kansensis, a new earthworm from Kansas, with redescriptions of Diplocardia rip aria Smith and D. fuscula Gates (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 103: 179–186. James S.W. (1990). "Diplotrema murchiei and D. papillata, new earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Mexico". Acta Zoológica Mexicana. 38 (38): 18–27. doi:10.21829/azm.1990.37381768. S2CID 81396592. James S.W. (1990). "Martiodrilus olivaceous and M. panamensis, new earthworms from Colombia and Panama. (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae)". Zoologica Scripta. 19 (3): 305–308. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1990.tb00260.x. S2CID 84943848. James, S.W. 1990. Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae and other earthworms from southern and midwestern North America. In D. Dindal (ed.) Soil Biology Guide. pp. 379–386. John Wiley and Sons, New York. James S.W. (1991). "Soil, organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus processing by native and introduced earthworm species in tallgrass prairie". Ecology. 72 (6): 2101–2109. doi:10.2307/1941562. JSTOR 1941562. James S.W. (1991). "New species of earthworms from Puerto Rico, with a redefinition of the earthworm genus Trigaster. (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae)". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 110 (4): 337–353. doi:10.2307/3226771. JSTOR 3226771. James S.W. (1992). "Experimental and seasonal variation in population structure of earthworms in tallgrass prairie". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 24: 1445–1449. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(92)90131-g. James S.W. (1992). "Localized dynamics of earthworm populations in relation to bison dung in North American tallgrass prairie". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 24 (12): 1471–1476. Bibcode:1992SBiBi..24.1471J. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(92)90135-k. Todd T.C., James S.W., Seastedt T.R. (1992). "Soil invertebrate and plant responses to mowing and carbofuran application in a North American tallgrass prairie". Plant and Soil. 144 (1): 117–124. Bibcode:1992PlSoi.144..117T. doi:10.1007/bf00018852. S2CID 2797654.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Wood, H.B. and S.W. James. 1993. Native and introduced earthworms from selected chaparral, woodland, and riparian zones in southern California. Gen.Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-142. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, USDA; 20 p. James S.W. (1994). "New acanthodriline earthworms from southern Mexico (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae)". Acta Zoológica Mexicana. 60: 1–21. James S.W. (1994). "New species of Diplocardia and Argilophilus (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from southern California". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 107: 622–633. Hendrix P.F., Callaham Jr M.A., James S.W. (1994). "Ecology of nearctic earthworms in the southern USA. I. Characteristics of Diplocardia longa (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) surface casts in grass, hardwood and pine microhabitats on the lower piedmont of Georgia". Megadrilogica. 5: 45–51.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Samuel Wooster James

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Samuel Wooster James claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Samuel Wooster James before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Samuel Wooster James ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Samuel Wooster James

In research: Samuel Wooster James appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Samuel Wooster James in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Samuel Wooster James is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics American taxonomists, Living people, University of Iowa faculty, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Samuel Wooster James outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Samuel Wooster James in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Samuel Wooster James means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Samuel Wooster James out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Samuel Wooster James in simple terms?

Why does Samuel Wooster James matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Samuel Wooster James?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Samuel Wooster James.