physics

Skanled

Skanled is a physics topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Skanled rather than just read about it. In short: Skanled was a planned natural gas offshore pipeline connecting Norway to Sweden and Denmark. Technical features The submarine pipeline was to start in the Kårstø natural gas processing plant in western Norway, where it was to be connected with the Europipe II.

Key takeaways

Skanled belongs to physics; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Skanled to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Skanled from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Skanled was a planned natural gas offshore pipeline connecting Norway to Sweden and Denmark.

Technical features The submarine pipeline was to start in the Kårstø natural gas processing plant in western Norway, where it was to be connected with the Europipe II. It was to be run to eastern Norway, western Sweden and Denmark with exit points in Rafnes (Norway), Lysekil, Vallby Kile, Bua (Sweden) and Jutland (Denmark). It consist of:

A 24 inches (610 mm) or 26 inches (660 mm) gas pipeline from Kårstø to Rafnes Ethane injection facilities at Kårstø Ethane extraction facilities at Rafnes A 20 inches (510 mm) or 22 inches (560 mm) gas pipeline from Rafnes with branches to pressure reduction stations in Sweden and Denmark. As part of the project, the pipeline was to transport also ethane, which would injected into the natural gas at Kårstø and transported with the natural gas to Rafnes, where it would separated and extracted from the gas. The separation facilities at Rafnes and the installations downstream the reduction stations in Sweden and Denmark were not part of the project. The originally planned capacity of the pipeline was 6 billion cubic meter (bcm) of natural gas per year. The plans were upgraded to 7 bcm. The likelihood of greater future demand from Denmark and Poland, which plan to connect Skanled through Denmark with other planned pipeline, the Baltic Pipe between Denmark and Poland, may lead to widen the diameter of the pipe from the initial design. The pipeline was to be operational by October 2012. It was designed for 50 years of operation. It expected to cost 10 billion Norwegian kroner.

Suspension The final investment decision depended on decisions by Yara International and Ineos, major potential consumers of gas provided by Skanled. In April 2009, the Skanled Project Group announced that they had decided to suspend the project "due to increased commercial risk combined with the global economic developments that have given an uncertain view on future gas demand."

Contractors The IKM Gruppen was selected for design activities related to the pipeline system with associated subsea structures, landfalls, and receiving and metering stations.

Project company The project was developed by the Skanled Project Group. Shareholders of the consortium were:

Petoro Skagerak Energi E.ON Ruhrgas PGNiG Energinet.dk VNG - Verbundnetz Gas AG Gasunie accepted the invitation to join the project to replace Swedegas and, in part, Göteborg Energi in the consortium. The project was managed by Gassco with Swedegas and Energinet.dk participating as partners. The Skanled project director is Thor Otto Lohne.

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Skanled

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Skanled claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In physics, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Skanled before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Skanled ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Skanled

In research: Skanled appears in physics research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Skanled in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Skanled is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Denmark–Norway relations, Denmark–Sweden relations, Energy in Poland, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Skanled outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Skanled in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Skanled means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Skanled out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Skanled in simple terms?

Skanled was a planned natural gas offshore pipeline connecting Norway to Sweden and Denmark. Technical features The submarine pipeline was to start in the Kårstø natural gas processing plant in western Norway, where it was to be connected with the Europipe II.

Why does Skanled matter?

Because it connects several physics ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Skanled?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Skanled.