Solid black plumage color refers to a plumage pattern in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) characterized by a uniform, black color across all feathers. There are chicken breeds where the typical plumage color is black, such as Australorp, Sumatra, White-Faced Black Spanish, Jersey Giant and others. And there are many other breeds having different color varieties, which also have an extended black variety, such as Leghorn, Minorca, Wyandotte, Orpington, Langshan and others. Color is an important feature of most living organisms. In the wild, color has great significance affecting the survival and reproductive success of the species. The environmental constraints which lead to the specific colors of birds and animals are very strong and individuals of novel colors tend not to survive. Under domestication, mankind has transformed all the species involved which have thus been freed from environmental pressures to a large extent. Early color variants were mostly selected for utility reasons or religious practices. In more recent centuries color varieties have been created purely for ornament and pleasure, fashion playing a surprisingly large part in their development. A bewildering array of colors and patterns can now be found in the domestic fowl. The occurrence of solid or nearly solid colored black plumage is widespread among avian species. Such phenotypes result mostly from single mutations associated with an increase of eumelanin deposition. In the case of the domestic fowl, two genetically different black plumage phenotypes have been described.
Description
Chick color Chicks of black plumage varieties are also black, with some black in beaks, legs and dorsal side of the toes, but with a varying degree of white or grayish white in the ventral surface and the tip of the wings. To the naked eye, the length of the down in black chicks is also shorter than that of any other color variety. Juvenile plumage frequently show one or more white feathers.
Adult plumage color
Entire surface is pure black due to the presence of eumelanin pigmentation in all parts of the feathers with considerable extension of black pigment to the shanks and beaks. The head, hackle, back, saddle, sickles and wing bows of the may have a beetle-green to purple sheen that may be particularly rich in male birds but still very evident in females. The green and purple sheens are a structural coloration, not pigment. The feathers of chickens and nearly all birds which appear to have green feathers do not have any green pigment. Green pigment has only been found in turacos (Cuculiformes, Musophagidae), small African birds. Structural coloration is produced by the constructive interference of light reflecting from different layers of the structures in feathers.
History Most chicken plumage color genetic factors were manipulated during domestication by selection and crossings which led to the modern chicken breeds, but there are no historical records of when or where the first solid black chickens arose. In the creation of new black breeds, black colors have been sometimes introduced from breeds of solid black. Black Cochin or Cochin China breed was originally bred in China and later exported to Britain and America in the mid 19th century. The first specimens came from Shanghai to Europe as a present given to the Queen of the United Kingdom in 1843, and twenty years later they were known in all Europe. The Langshan breed, a breed of solid black plumage, was also originally bred in China and was first imported to Europe by the Major Croad, of the English Army in 1872. The original Black Orpington was bred by William Cook in 1886 by crossing Minorcas, Langshans and Plymouth Rock to create a new hybrid bird. Cook selected a black bird that would exhibit well by hiding the dirt and soot of London. Australorps were developed in Australia mainly from Black Orpingtons . Castilian Black, a typical black chicken breed was originally bred in Spain. Plumage is completely black with green sheen in the wing bows. Minorca was later developed in England from imported Castilian fowls of Spain. Andalusian Blue was very well known and appreciated in Spain at the second half of the 19th century, being present in the Real Botanical Garden of Madrid in 1864. Although not regarded as a solid black plumage breed, but registered by the American Poultry Association as a "blue" breed, it is really a black plumage breed segregating for locus Bl, a mutation that dilutes black to a bluish gray. Only heterozygotes are "blue", so it is impossible to fix the "blue" color plumage. Heterozygotes Bl/bl+ individuals have the entire surface of a uniform shade of plain slaty blue, clearly and sharply laced with bluish black. Homozygotes Bl/Bl are white with a faint bluish gray tinge, and blue in feathers with the form of large irregular shaped blobs. And homozygotes bl+/bl+ are solid black. The mating of "blue" cocks and hens" give an offspring of black, "blue" and whitish gray tinged fowls in the Mendelian proportion 1:2:1 respectively.
Genetics of solid black plumage Inheritance of chicken plumage color is complex. It depends on several genetic factors which interact epistatically. Solid black plumage is the result of a combination of genes which interact to give the final result. In plumage, the expression of any color, except white, requires the presence of the allele C (color), an autosomic dominant allele that allows the synthesis of pigment in the feathers. In the domestic fowl, two black plumage phenotypes have been described. The best known of these is due to the extended black mutation E, which is the most dominant of the multiple alleles at the E locus and is primarily responsible for the completely black plumage of most breeds of fowl.
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