biology

Solitary chemosensory cells

Solitary chemosensory cells is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Solitary chemosensory cells rather than just read about it. In short: Solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) (also called solitary chemoreceptor cells) are isolated elements located in epithelia of the apparatuses of endodermic origin (such as respiratory and digestive apparatuses). In the aquatic vertebrates, SCCs are also present in the skin.

Key takeaways

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Reference excerpt

Solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) (also called solitary chemoreceptor cells) are isolated elements located in epithelia of the apparatuses of endodermic origin (such as respiratory and digestive apparatuses). In the aquatic vertebrates, SCCs are also present in the skin. In oral cavity, SCCs precedes the development of taste buds. For long time, SCCs were considered to be typical of aquatic vertebrates. Recently, these elements were also demonstrated in mammals. The SCCs share common morphological and biochemical characteristics with the taste cells located in taste buds of the oro-pharyngeal cavity. In particular, they may express molecules of the chemoreceptorial cascade (such as trans-membrane taste receptors, the G-protein gustducin, PLCbeta2, IP3R3, TRPM5). Morphologically, the elements of SCCs are polymorphic. Some of them have an apical tuft of rigid microvilli (brush cells). Other elements have secretory exocrine granules and others may have endocrine differentiation. Often these elements are innervated. In the upper respiratory system the SCCs are contacted by the sensory endings of trigeminal nerve fibers (SubP and CGRP immunoreactive). The SCCs of the aquatic vertebrates play a role in food search and predator avoidance.

Significance in Humans The exact role SCCs play in mammals is not well known. Several hypotheses have been developed. SCCs may operate as guardians of the airway by detecting if irritants or noxious substances are present. As a response, this may trigger reflexive actions such as temporary breath holding, not swallowing, or coughing; these may limit further ingestion of a harmful chemical. Though these chemoreceptors are thought to be protective, they can be dangerous due to the control they have over the airway. They may play a role in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). For instance, their misactivation or overactivation may lead to a prolonged reflexive action of breath holding or closing the airway, resulting in asphyxia.

See also Diffuse chemosensory system Chemosensory clusters

References

Sbarbati A, Crescimanno C, Benati D, Osculati F. Solitary chemosensory cells in the developing chemoreceptorial epithelium of the vallate papilla. Journal of Neurocytology 1998; 27:631–35. Sbarbati A, Crescimanno C, Bernardi P, Osculati F. Alpha-gustducin immunoreactive solitary chemosensory cells in the developing chemoreceptorial epithelium of the rat vallate papilla. Chem senses 1999; 24:469–72. Sbarbati A, Osculati F. Solitary chemosensory cells in mammals? Cell Tissue Organs 2003; 175:51-55. Finger TE, Bottger B, Hansen A, Anderson KT, Alimohammadi H, Silver WL. Solitary chemoreceptor cells in the nasal cavity serve as sentinels of respiration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 8981–86. Gilbertson TA, Damak S, Margolskee RF. The molecular physiology of taste transduction. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2000; 10: 519–27. Margolskee RF. Molecular mechanisms of bitter and sweet taste transduction. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:1–4. Gulbransen BD, Finger TE. Solitary chemoreceptor cell proliferation in adult nasal epithelium. Journal of Neurocytology 2000; 34:117-22. Hansen A, Witt M, Hummel T. Unconventional neurons in the nasal cavity of humans. Chem Senses 2005; 30:A55. Hansen A. Unconventional sensory cells in the nasal epithelia of rodents and humans. Chem Senses 2006b; 31:E4. Höfer D, Drenckhahn D. Cytoskeletal markers allowing discrimination between brush and other epithelial cells of the gut including etnteroendocrine cells. Histochem Cell Biol 1996; 105:405 –12. Höfer D, Drenckhahn D. Identification of the taste cell G-protein alpha-gustducin in brush cells of the rat pancreatic duct system. Histochem Cell Bio1998; 110: 303–309. Höfer D, Puschel B, Drenckhahn D. Taste receptor-like cells in the rat gut identified by expression of α-gustducin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 6631– 34. Merigo F, Benati D, Tizzano M, Osculati F, Sbarbati A. α-gustducin immunoreactivity in the airways. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 319: 211–19. Merigo F, Benati D, DiChio M, Osculati F, Sbarbati A. Secretory cells of the airway express molecules of the chemoreceptive cascade. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 327: 231–247. Sbarbati A, Crescimanno C, Benati D, Osculati F. Solitary chemosensory cells in the developing chemoreceptorial epithelium of the vallate papilla. Journal of Neurocytology 1998; 27:631–35. Sbarbati A, Crescimanno C, Bernardi P, Osculati F. Alpha-gustducin immunoreactive solitary chemosensory cells in the developing chemoreceptorial epithelium of the rat vallate papilla. Chem senses 1999; 24:469–72. Sbarbati A., Merigo F, Benati D, Tizzano M, Bernardi P, Crescimanno C, Osculati F. Identification and characterization of a specific sensory epithelium in the rat larynx. J Comp Neurol 2004a; 475:188-201. Sbarbati A., Merigo F, Benati D, Tizzano M, Bernardi P, Osculati F. Laryngeal chemosensory clusters. Chem Senses 2004b; 29:683-92. Tizzano M, Merigo F, Sbarbati A. Evidence of solitary chemosensory cells in a large mammal: the diffuse chemosensory system in Bos Taurus airways. J Anat2006; 209 (3): 333 – 7. Zancanaro Caretta CM, Merigo F, Cavaggioni A, Osculati F. α-gustducin expression in the vomeronasal organ of the mouse. Eur J Neurosci 1999 11: 4473 – 4475. Whitear M. Solitary chemoreceptor cells. In: Chemoreception in fishes. Hara T.J. (Ed) Chapman and Hall New York 1992; pp. 103–125. Whitear M, Kotrschal K. The chemosensory anterior dorsal fin in rocklings (Gaidopsarus and Ciliata, Teleostei, Gadidae): activity, fine structure and innervation. J Zool 1988; 216:339-366.

External links SCC Discovery in fishes

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Solitary chemosensory cells

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Solitary chemosensory cells claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Solitary chemosensory cells before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Solitary chemosensory cells ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Solitary chemosensory cells

In research: Solitary chemosensory cells appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Solitary chemosensory cells in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Solitary chemosensory cells is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Sensory receptors, Sensory systems, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Solitary chemosensory cells outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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Frequently asked questions

What is Solitary chemosensory cells in simple terms?

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Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

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