A spare part, spare, service part, repair part, or replacement part, is an interchangeable part that is kept in an inventory and used for the repair or refurbishment of defective equipment/units. Spare parts are an important feature of logistics engineering and supply chain management, often comprising dedicated spare parts management systems. Spare parts are an outgrowth of the industrial development of interchangeable parts and mass production. In an industrial environment, spare parts are described in several manner to distinguish key features of various spare parts. The following describes spare part types and their typically functionality. 1. Capital parts are spare parts which, although acknowledged to have a long life or a small chance of failure, would cause a long shutdown of equipment because it would take a long time to get a replacement for them. Capital parts are typically repaired or replaced during planned overhauls/scheduled inspections. As description implies, these capital parts are typically expensive and are depreciated over time. Examples of capital parts include pumps and motor sets used in industrial plants, or impeller or a rotor required for a pump or motor. This “spare” requirement would be determined by redundancy of equipment used in the industrial processes. 2. Consumables can be divided into two groups:
Operational consumables are typically consumed during operation and an example of these would be air filters, grease and lubricants, light bulbs, etc. (for a car, it would be washer fluid) Inspection consumables are typically replaced during planned overhauls/scheduled inspections and an example of these would be fan belt, gaskets, lube oil, oil filters, etc. (for a car, it would be engine oil or transmission oil) 3. Inspection spares or outage spares typically refer to those spare parts used in conjunction with capital parts during planned overhauls/scheduled inspections and maybe reused but typically are not repairable and are discarded after removal from use if inspection spares are damaged. These inspection spares are sometimes mis-characterized as capital spares (vs capital parts) and are also confounded with inspection consumables, which must be replaced at every inspection/outage (an example of inspection spares would be bearings and mechanical seals, large bolts and nuts). 4. Operational spares typically refer to those spare parts that are used during operation of equipment and would not require planned overhauls/scheduled inspections to replace. In an industrial setting, operational spares would be gauges, valves (solenoid, MOVs that are in redundancy), transmitters, I/O boards, small AC/DC power supplies, etc.) (for a car, it would windshield wiper)
Classification
In logistics, spare parts can be broadly classified into two groups, repairables and consumables. Economically, there is a tradeoff between the cost of ordering a replacement part and the cost of repairing a failed part. When the cost of repair becomes a significant percentage of the cost of replacement, it becomes economically favorable to simply order a replacement part. In such cases, the part is said to be "beyond economic repair" (BER), and the percentage associated with this threshold is known as the BER rate. Analysis of economic tradeoffs is formally evaluated using level of repair analysis (LORA).
Repairable
Repairable parts are parts that are deemed worthy of repair, usually by virtue of economic consideration of their repair cost. Rather than bear the cost of completely replacing a finished product, repairables typically are designed to enable more affordable maintenance by being more modular. That allows components to be more easily removed, repaired, and replaced, enabling cheaper replacement. Spare parts that are needed to support condemnation of repairable parts are known as replenishment spares . A rotable pool is a pool of repairable spare parts inventory set aside to allow for multiple repairs to be accomplished simultaneously, which can be used to minimize stockout conditions for repairable items.
Consumable
Parts that are not repairable are considered consumable parts. Consumable parts are usually scrapped, or "decommissioned", when they are found to have failed. Since no attempt at repair is made, for a fixed mean time between failures (MTBF), replacement rates for consumption of consumables are higher than an equivalent item treated as a repairable part. One example is in heavy machinery such as brake oils, hydraulic fluids, and belts. Because consumables are lower cost and higher volume, economies of scale can be found by ordering in large lot sizes, a so-called economic order quantity.
Commercial classification From a commercial perspective, spare parts can be classified into three main types: OEM (original equipment manufacturer) parts: These parts are produced by the same manufacturer that made the original equipment. Aftermarket parts: These are replacement parts made by companies other than the original manufacturer. They can serve as cost-effective substitutes for OEM parts. Used or second-hand parts: These can be either OEM or aftermarket parts that have been refurbished and resold at a lower price.
Legislation There is no UK or EU legislation which states that spare parts have to be available for any set period of time, but some trade associations require their members to ensure products are not rendered useless because spare parts are not available. The 'six year rule' in the UK Sale of Goods Act 1979 relates to the time period for enforcing claims that goods were defective when sold, not to whether spare parts are available to repair them, and section 23(3) of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 states that a consumer cannot require a trader to repair or replace goods if "the repair or replacement is impossible", implying that if spare parts are no longer available the consumer's right to repair (or to have a spare part supplied) would be lost.
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