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Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany

Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany is a mathematics topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany rather than just read about it. In short: Statistics Progression charts Total confirmed cases, active cases, deaths, and recoveries On 8 April 2020, the Robert Koch Institute began using another method to estimate the numbers of recoveries, now also incorporating cases where the date of the first symptoms is unknown. This caused the singular sharp drop in active cases on that date.

Key takeaways

  • Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany belongs to mathematics; place it in that map before memorising details.
  • Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
  • Connect Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
  • Reproduce the core statement of Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Statistics

Progression charts

Total confirmed cases, active cases, deaths, and recoveries On 8 April 2020, the Robert Koch Institute began using another method to estimate the numbers of recoveries, now also incorporating cases where the date of the first symptoms is unknown. This caused the singular sharp drop in active cases on that date.

New cases per day

New deaths per day

Reproduction rate The effective reproduction number or reproduction rate, symbolised with Re, is a rate of how many more people are infected from a positive COVID-19 case. In order to suppress an outbreak, the reproduction rate must be constantly below 1, which means each positive case infects less than one person. The Robert Koch Institute measures the reproduction rate as a moving 4-day average of the number of new symptomatic cases using a nowcasting according to the 4-day average number of new cases on a specific day and comparing it with the corresponding mean 4 days before, reflecting the spread of the disease roughly one to two weeks before any specific day. As it is however prone to larger fluctuation, taking into account possible delays in reporting, a 7-day rate is then introduced, which compares the 7-day average of cases at one specific date with 4 days before. Specific values have been published since its daily report on 7 April, while the R-rate has been calculated from 6 March.

Effective reproduction number. Logarithmic scaling highlights the important changes near 1. Above 1, the number of active infections will grow exponentially, but even below 1 the decline will be very slow, if Re is too close to 1.

Number of tests per week Since the beginning of testing in Germany up to and including week 25/2021 (Jun 21–27), 64,551,021 laboratory tests in at least 212 laboratories have been recorded, 4,245,186 of which have been positive. The number of tests is not the same as the number of persons tested, as the data may include multiple tests of patients.

Vaccinations

Vaccination numbers were obtained from the RKI and updated every business day. Starting from April, vaccinations can also be administered at a doctor's office alongside the existing vaccination center and mobile teams.

All-cause deaths Weekly all-cause deaths in Germany based on mortality.org data.

Comparison of 2020 weekly mortality to the average of the 4 preceding years (data at mortality.org is available as of 2016 for Germany).

By age and gender

Data discussion

Testing Until late March, due to the restrictive Robert Koch Institute (RKI) testing criteria, Germans without specific symptoms could not be tested. On 25 March 2020, the RKI announced that people no longer needed to come from risk areas to be tested. In the revised criteria, acute respiratory symptoms were generally maintained, with one additional criterion of the following having to be fulfilled: contact to a confirmed positive case in the last 14 days; work in health care; membership in a risk group; and in case of serious illness, no differential diagnosis. RKI president Wieler said that tests should be conducted in a "targeted and strategically sensible" manner, in order to avoid overstraining testing capacities. Mildly ill patients would not always be able to get tested, in which case they would be asked to remain at home and minimise contact with others. Wieler announced that the taking of representative samples in order to assess the number of infected more reliably would commence soon. Calls for conducting such studies were raised concurrently.

Reporting lag Incubation period, and turn around time of the only diagnostic test (PCR) can lead to a reporting lag of five to ten days. Because of the federal health care system in Germany, states vary in data collection, aggregation and time of release to the public. Local (Landkreise / Kreisfreie Städte) health departments initially reported data to the state health department which transferred data to the nations federal health department, many but not all on the day of receiving them. Reporting switched from manual to electronic. The Robert Koch Institute releases official numbers with an additional delay of several days. Cases reported by state health departments are added earlier to a project by Funke Mediengruppe, to which Berliner Morgenpost belongs. Johns Hopkins University seems to use the numbers of the Funke project for Germany indirectly while the Funke project uses numbers of Johns Hopkins University for other countries. As of 25 March, the number of unknown cases was thought to be up to tenfold higher. Statistician Katharina Schüller advocated for representative sampling to gauge the real number of infected people, an initiative supported by the president of German Medical Association and scientists of Kiel Institute for the World Economy.

Number of deaths As of March 2020, the reported death rate calculated as the number of deaths divided by the number of infected in Germany was lower than in some other areas such as Italy, for example. This has led foreign media to applaud or question it, while virologists, among others the leader of the RKI, warned that the country was simply at an earlier stage of the outbreak and fatalities would soon increase. Possible explanations have included:

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In mathematics, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany

In research
Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany appears in mathematics research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry
Engineering practice reuses Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom
Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life
Look for Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.
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How to study Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany in 20 minutes

  1. Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
  2. Close the page and write down what Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany means in your own words.
  3. Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
  4. Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
  5. Explain Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany in simple terms?

Statistics Progression charts Total confirmed cases, active cases, deaths, and recoveries On 8 April 2020, the Robert Koch Institute began using another method to estimate the numbers of recoveries, now also incorporating cases where the date of the first symptoms is unknown. This caused the singul…

Why does Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany matter?

Because it connects several mathematics ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany.

Tags

  • COVID-19 pandemic in Germany
  • Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic

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