astronomy

Steven E. Lindow

Steven E. Lindow is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Steven E. Lindow rather than just read about it. In short: Steven Earl Lindow (born 1951) is an American plant pathologist. He has researched the application of transgenic bacteria to prevent frost damage in crops as well as using bacteria to prevent russeting of fruit.

Key takeaways

Steven E. Lindow belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Steven E. Lindow to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Steven E. Lindow from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Steven Earl Lindow (born 1951) is an American plant pathologist. He has researched the application of transgenic bacteria to prevent frost damage in crops as well as using bacteria to prevent russeting of fruit. He is a member of several scientific societies, including the National Academy of Sciences, and has been co-editor of the Annual Review of Phytopathology from 2015-2023.

Early life and education Steven Earl Lindow was born in 1951 in Portland, Oregon. His father had a farm where he grew wheat and clover seed. As a thirteen-year-old, he planted four acres of strawberries and boysenberries on the farm, but the crops died from frost damage. This would later influence his decision to research frost damage in crops, leading to the creation of ice-minus bacteria. He attended Oregon State University for his bachelor's degree and the University of Wisconsin for his PhD, graduating in 1977. His PhD research was on the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, a species of bacteria that produces proteins that raise the temperature at which plants experience frost damage.

Career In 1978 he began working at the University of California, Berkeley as an assistant professor; he was promoted to associate professor in 1983. At Berkeley, he continued his work on the bacteria P. syringae; he and his colleagues created a transgenic form of the bacteria that lacked the gene to produce the protein that initiated ice formation at higher temperatures. The commercial strain was called "Frostban"; its initial testing in 1987 marked the first authorized outdoor testing of genetically engineered bacteria. Along with Deane Arny, Lindow holds several patents related to biocontrol agents to reduce frost damage in plants. Lindow's research also explored the mechanism by which bacteria becomes resistant to copper, which is used as an antimicrobial. He also researched russeting in fruit, discovering that it is caused by the secretion of indole acetic acid by bacteria, and could be mitigated by spraying flowering plants with bacteria that competitively excludes the bacteria that causes russeting. From 2015-2023, he has been a co-editor of the Annual Review of Phytopathology, for most of that time with Jan E. Leach.

Awards and honors In 1985, he was awarded the William O. Baker Award for Initiatives in Research for his work on ice-minus bacteria. He was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1999. He is also a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology, American Phytopathological Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Steven E. Lindow

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Steven E. Lindow claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Steven E. Lindow before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Steven E. Lindow ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Steven E. Lindow

In research: Steven E. Lindow appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Steven E. Lindow in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Steven E. Lindow is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1951 births, American phytopathologists, Annual Reviews (publisher) editors, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Steven E. Lindow outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Steven E. Lindow in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Steven E. Lindow means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Steven E. Lindow out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Steven E. Lindow in simple terms?

Why does Steven E. Lindow matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Steven E. Lindow?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Steven E. Lindow.