science

Strobilurin

Strobilurin is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Strobilurin rather than just read about it. In short: Strobilurins are a group of natural products and their synthetic analogs. A number of strobilurins are used in agriculture as fungicides.

Key takeaways

Strobilurin belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Strobilurin to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Strobilurin from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Strobilurins are a group of natural products and their synthetic analogs. A number of strobilurins are used in agriculture as fungicides. They are part of the larger group of QoIs (Quinone outside Inhibitors), which act to inhibit the respiratory chain at the level of Complex III. The first parent natural products, strobilurins A and B, were extracted from the fungus Strobilurus tenacellus. Commercial strobilurin fungicides were developed through optimization of photostability and activity. Strobilurins represented a major development in fungus-based fungicides. First released in 1996, there are now ten major strobilurin fungicides on the market, which account for 23-25 % of the global fungicide sales. Examples of commercialized strobilurin derivatives are azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, picoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, oryzastrobin, dimoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin. Strobilurins are mostly contact fungicides with a long half time as they are absorbed into the cuticle and not transported any further. They have a suppressive effect on other fungi, reducing competition for nutrients; they inhibit electron transfer in mitochondria, disrupting metabolism and preventing growth of the target fungi.

Natural strobilurins

Strobilurin A

Strobilurin A (also known as mucidin) is produced by Oudemansiella mucida, Strobilurus tenacellus, Bolinea lutea, and others. When first isolated it was incorrectly assigned as the E E E geometric isomer but was later identified by total synthesis as being the E Z E isomer, as shown.

9-Methoxystrobilurin A 9-Methoxystrobilurin A is produced by Favolaschia spp.

Strobilurin B

Strobilurin B is produced by S. tenacellus.

Strobilurin C

Strobilurin C is produced by X. longipes and X. melanotricha.

Strobilurin D and G

Strobilurin D is produced by Cyphellopsis anomala. Its structure was originally incorrectly assigned and is now considered to be identical to that of strobilurin G, produced by B. lutea. A related material, hydroxystrobilurin D, with an additional hydroxyl group attached to the methyl of the main chain is produced by Mycena sanguinolenta.

Strobilurin E

Strobilurin E is produced by Crepidotus fulvotomentosus and Favolaschia spp.

Strobilurin F2

Strobilurin F2 is produced by B. lutea.

Strobilurin H

Strobilurin H is produced by B. lutea. The natural product with a phenolic hydroxy group in place of the aromatic methoxy group of strobilurin H is called strobilurin F1 and is found in C. anomala and Agaricus spp.

Strobilurin X

Strobilurin X is produced by O. mucida.

Oudemansins The oudemansins are closely related to the strobilurins and are also quinone outside inhibitors.

Oudemansin A with R1 = R2 = H was first described in 1979, after being isolated from mycelial fermentations of the basidiomycete fungus Oudemansiella mucida. Later it was found in cultures of the basidiomycete fungi Mycena polygramma and Xerula melanotricha. The latter fungus also produces oudemansin B, with R1 = MeO and R2 = Cl. Oudemansin X, with R1 = H and R2 = MeO was isolated from Oudemansiella radicata.

Synthetic strobilurins The discovery of the strobilurin class of fungicides led to the development of a group of commercial fungicides used in agriculture. Examples are shown below.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Strobilurin

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Strobilurin claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Strobilurin before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Strobilurin ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Strobilurin

In research: Strobilurin appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Strobilurin in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Strobilurin is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Complex III inhibitors, Fungicides, Respiratory toxins, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Strobilurin outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Strobilurin in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Strobilurin means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Strobilurin out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Strobilurin in simple terms?

Strobilurins are a group of natural products and their synthetic analogs. A number of strobilurins are used in agriculture as fungicides.

Why does Strobilurin matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Strobilurin?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Strobilurin.