biology

Stuart B. Levy

Stuart B. Levy is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Stuart B. Levy rather than just read about it. In short: Stuart Blank Levy (November 21, 1938 – September 4, 2019) was a researcher and physician at Tufts University. He was among the first to advocate for greater awareness of antibiotic resistance and founded the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics.

Key takeaways

Stuart B. Levy belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Stuart B. Levy to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Stuart B. Levy from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Stuart Blank Levy (November 21, 1938 – September 4, 2019) was a researcher and physician at Tufts University. He was among the first to advocate for greater awareness of antibiotic resistance and founded the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics.

Biography Stuart B. Levy, M.D., Professor of Molecular Biology and Microbiology and of Medicine, was the Director of the Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance at Tufts University School of Medicine and staff physician at the Tufts Medical Center. He also served as President of the International Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics, and along with Walter Gilbert, co-founded Paratek Pharmaceuticals. He was a past President of the American Society for Microbiology. Professor Levy died on September 4, 2019, and in 2020, the Tufts Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance was renamed in his honor. Dr. Levy led the discovery of the first energy-dependent antibiotic efflux mechanism and efflux protein (for tetracyclines). His research into multiple drug resistance revealed a regulatory locus, mar, for intrinsic antibiotic resistance and virulence among the Enterobacteriaceae and other bacteria. He led the first, and perhaps only, prospective farm study showing that feed containing low dose antibiotics led to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in animals and the farm family. He has published over 300 papers, edited four books and two special journal editions devoted to antibiotic use and resistance. His 1992 book, The Antibiotic Paradox: How Miracle Drugs Are Destroying the Miracle, now in its second edition, has been translated into four languages. Dr. Levy received his bachelor's degree from Williams College, magna cum laude, and his medical degree from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, during which time he spent a year in radiation genetics at the Institut de Radium of the Pasteur Institute in Paris. He completed his residency at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York and performed postdoctoral research at the National Institutes of Health. He is a Fellow of the American College of Physicians, Infectious Disease Society of America, the American Academy of Microbiology and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was Chairperson of the U.S. Fogarty Center study of “Antibiotic use and resistance worldwide” and helped write the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment report on antibiotic resistant bacteria. He consults for international and national organizations including the World Health Organization, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine, the U.S. FDA and U.S. EPA. In 1995 he received the Hoechst Roussel Award for esteemed research in antimicrobial chemotherapy from the American Society for Microbiology and has been awarded honorary degrees from Wesleyan and Des Moines Universities. Dr. Levy received the 2011 Hamao Umezawa Memorial Award by the International Society of Chemotherapy and the 2012 Abbott-ASM Lifetime Achievement Award.

Views Levy has summarized his message by saying that he wants "prudent use of antibiotics". The book Frontiers in antimicrobial resistance : a tribute to Stuart B. Levy is based on the work of Levy.

Bibliography Levy, S. B. (2001). "Antibiotic Resistance: Consequences of Inaction". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 33: S124–S129. doi:10.1086/321837. PMID 11524708. Levy, Stuart B. (2002). The Antibiotic Paradox : How The Misuse of Antibiotics Destroys Their Curative Powers (2.ed., [reprint] ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Publ. ISBN 978-0738204406. Reviews include the following: Kunin, C. M. (1993). "Book Review the Antibiotic Paradox: How Miracle Drugs Are Destroying the Miracle by Stuart B. Levy. 279 pp., illustrated. New York, Plenum, 1992. $24.95. 0-306-44331-7". New England Journal of Medicine. 328 (24): 1792. doi:10.1056/NEJM199306173282418. Polly, S. M. (1993). "The Antibiotic Paradox: How Miracle Drugs Are Destroying the Miracle". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 270 (3): 384. doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510030108048. Sheehan, G. J. (1993). "Reviews and Notes: Infectious Disease Medicine: The Antibiotic Paradox: How Miracle Drugs Are Destroying the Miracle". Annals of Internal Medicine. 119 (5): 447. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-119-5-199309010-00057. S2CID 53088922.

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Stuart B. Levy

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Stuart B. Levy claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Stuart B. Levy before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Stuart B. Levy ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Stuart B. Levy

In research: Stuart B. Levy appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Stuart B. Levy in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Stuart B. Levy is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1938 births, 2019 deaths, American microbiologists, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Stuart B. Levy outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Stuart B. Levy in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Stuart B. Levy means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Stuart B. Levy out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Stuart B. Levy in simple terms?

Why does Stuart B. Levy matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Stuart B. Levy?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Stuart B. Levy.