biology

Subramanian Kalyanaraman

Subramanian Kalyanaraman is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Subramanian Kalyanaraman rather than just read about it. In short: Subramanian Kalyanaraman (born 1934) is an Indian neurosurgeon and a former head of the Department of Neurosurgery at Apollo Hospitals, Chennai. He was known for his pioneering techniques in stereotactic surgery and is an elected fellow of a number of science and medical academies including the National Academy of Medical Sciences and the Indian Academy of Sciences.

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Reference excerpt

Subramanian Kalyanaraman (born 1934) is an Indian neurosurgeon and a former head of the Department of Neurosurgery at Apollo Hospitals, Chennai. He was known for his pioneering techniques in stereotactic surgery and is an elected fellow of a number of science and medical academies including the National Academy of Medical Sciences and the Indian Academy of Sciences. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 1969.

Biography

S. Kalyanaraman, born on the New Year's Day of 1934 at Tiruchirapalli in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, did his schooling at National High School and after passing the SSLC examination in 1948, he completed his intermediate studies at St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli, standing second in the state in the final examinations. He moved to Chennai for his medical studies at Stanley Medical College from where he completed MBBS in 1956 and MS in 1959. Subsequently, earning a Commonwealth scholarship, he pursued higher studies in the UK and became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of London and the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1961. It was during this period, he trained neurosurgery under such notable neurosurgeons as Francis Gillingham and Norman Dott. Continuing in the UK, he worked at Western General Hospital for a while. He received the fellowship of the International College of Surgeons in 1964, the same year as he was awarded a PhD in neurosurgery by the Royal College of Edinburgh, thus becoming the first Indian to receive a PhD in neurosurgery. On his return to India, he joined the Institute of Neurology of Madras Medical College (MMC) and Government General Hospital, Chennai where came under the guidance of Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi, neurosurgeon and Padma Bhushan recipient who founded the institute in 1950. At Madras Medical College, he was a member of the team fostered by Ramamurthi which consisted of known neurosurgeons viz. V. Balasubramanian, G. Arjun Das and K. Jagannathan. He became a professor in 1968 and served the institution till his superannuation in 1991, heading the Department of Neurosurgery from 1986. After his retirement from government service, he became the head of the neurosurgery department at Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, to work alongside Prathap C. Reddy, a known cardiologist, where he worked till 2012, heading the department till 2008 and, serving as a consultant neurosurgeon thereafter. In between, he was associated with Sooriya Hospital, Chennai and founded the department of neurosurgery at the hospital. He continues his medical practice at Anuradha Clinic, a private consultative facility attached to his residence in Kilpauk Garden Colony. Kalyanaraman is married to Pattammal and the couple has two children. K. Subramanian, his son, heads the department of neurosurgery at Sooriya Hospital, and his daughter, Anuradha, is a consultant neurologist.

Legacy

Kalyanaraman, together with Ramamurthi and his other associates at Madras Medical College, formed a team of neurospecialists and promoted stereotactic surgery at the institution. They covered many neurological, behavioral and psychiatric disorders including Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and spasticity. Kalyanaraman, meanwhile, pioneered many streotactic innovations and the simultaneous use of two stereotactic equipment, viz. Leksell system and Sehgal system, to access two intracranial targets was one of his pioneering techniques which he performed in 1970. He established the location of pyramidal tract in the white matter structure of the cerebrum of the brain known as internal capsule, which assisted in the treatment of diseases such as Parkinsonism. The therapeutic systems popularized by Kalyanaraman and his associates later became known as the Madras School of Psychosurgery. He has documented his researches by way of several articles in per-reviewed journals and his work has been cited by a number of authors and researchers. Besides, he has contributed chapters to text books of Neurosurgery including Textbooks of Operative Neurosurgery, a 2-volume text published by his mentor, B. Ramamurthi. Kalyanaraman is one of the founders of Madras Neuro Trust, a non-governmental organization promoting theoretical and clinical research in Neurology, was its founder treasurer, and serves as a member of its Board of Trustees. He organized the first Continuing medical education (CME) program in India in 1977 when he coordinated a CME program for the Neurological Society of India and was a member of the organizing committee of NSICON 2016 of the Neurological Society of India as well as the Neuro Update Chennai 2017, organized by Madras Neuro Trust in January 2017. He served as the convener of CME programs of Neurological Society of India from 1977 to 1984 and headed the Core Group for Educational promotion of NSI and National Board of Examinations in 2008. The professional positions held by him include the president-ships of Neurological Society of India in 1987 and Indian Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery during 1998–2000. He has also served as a visiting faculty at many universities in India and abroad and has delivered a number of keynote or invited lectures.

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Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Subramanian Kalyanaraman

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Subramanian Kalyanaraman claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Subramanian Kalyanaraman before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Subramanian Kalyanaraman ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Subramanian Kalyanaraman

In research: Subramanian Kalyanaraman appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Subramanian Kalyanaraman in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Subramanian Kalyanaraman is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1934 births, 20th-century Indian surgeons, Academic staff of the University of Madras, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Subramanian Kalyanaraman outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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Frequently asked questions

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Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

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