The Tasmanian emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis) is an extinct subspecies of emu. It was found in Tasmania, where it had become isolated during the Late Pleistocene. As opposed to the other insular emu taxa, the King Island emu and the Kangaroo Island emu, the population on Tasmania was sizable, meaning that there were no marked effects of small population size as in the other two isolates. The Tasmanian emu became extinct around 1865 according to the Australian Species Profile and Threats database. This was officially recorded in 1997 when changes to listings of nationally threatened species saw the Tasmanian emu added to the list of species presumed extinct. Information regarding the emu is reliant on 19th century documentary evidence and the limited number of emu specimens in museums. As a consequence one of the biggest challenges in researching the Tasmanian emu is the many names or spellings used to describe the emu. The early colonial accounts spell it 'emue', Reverend Robert Knopwood spelt it as 'emew'. Other early accounts referred to it as a 'cassowary' and even an 'ostrich'. George Augustus Robinson recorded two indigenous words for the Tasmanian emu. The Oyster Bay Indigenous language word for emu is Pun.nune.ner and the Brune Indigenous language word is Gonanner.
Description The Tasmanian emu had not progressed to the point where it could be considered a distinct species and even its status as a distinct subspecies is not universally accepted, as it agreed with the mainland birds in measurements and the external characters used to distinguish it – a whitish instead of a black foreneck and throat and an unfeathered neck – apparently are also present, albeit rare, in some mainland birds. There are suggestions the bird was slightly smaller than the mainland emu, but in conflict, other evidence (including descriptions of Pleistocene remains) indicates that both are similar in size.
Distribution and habitat There is much evidence to suggest Tasmanian emus were abundant in Van Diemen's Land. John Latham's 1823 publication affirms Charles Jeffrey's observations in which he claims that mobs of emus were common and that a mob would consist of seventy or eighty birds. The Sydney Gazette in 1803 painted an image of the Van Diemen's Land landscape, when it reported the arrival of Lieutenant Bowen on the Lady Nelson: 'close to the Settlement are abundance of Emues, large Kangaroos, and Swans'. In 1804, it was reported that David Collins's expedition found that 'the emue [is] plentiful'. In 1808 George Harris the surveyor travelled from Hobart Town to Launceston, and wrote that his party walked 'thro the finest country in the world ... the quantities of kangaroos, emus and wild ducks we saw ... [was] incredible'. The Tasmanian Indigenous people's sustainable relationship with the emu also suggests emu population numbers were significant. Indigenous people used a substance called 'patener'. This ointment was made from a ground metal mixed with emu fat/oil and was used to mark their heads and bodies. In 1831, Robinson described an Aboriginal dwelling, stating that the ground in front of this habitation was thickly strewed with the feathers of the emu, and the bones of the stately bird ... covered the ground, which the natives had broken to pieces to obtain the marrow to anoint their head and body.
Relationship with humans At a ceremony at Cape Grim on 14 April 1834, Aboriginal people danced and characterised emus by stretching out one arm to emulate the long neck of the bird. The Tasmanian emu was also symbolised in Indigenous art. The depiction of the emu in 'native drawings' is noted in the narrative of the overland journey of Sir John and Lady Franklin from Hobart to Macquarie Harbour in 1842. The area they were referring to was subsequently called Painters Plains. The emu's representation in ceremonial activities and art suggests a great familiarity with the emu and may further support the notion of its abundance in Van Diemen's Land. The proliferation of places in Van Diemen's Land named after the emu also indicates the plentiful existence of the species. Henry Hellyer, the surveyor for the Van Diemen's Land Company, came across a river and seeing the footprints of the emu on some moist ground by the water called it Emu River. Emu Bay takes its name from that river. There are also Emu Bottom, Emu Valley, Emu Flat, Emu Hill, Emu Ground, Emu Heights, Emu Plains and Emu Point. There was an Emu Inn in Hobart as early as 1823, and later the Emu Tavern in Liverpool Street, Hobart.
Extinction In 1838, John Gould after his voyage to Van Diemen's Land claimed that 'it would require a month search, in the most remote parts of the island, before one could see any'. There were warnings about the increasing rarity of the emu. In 1826, a letter from Oyster Bay stated that 'they will soon be extinct'. In 1831, a traveller reported that emus were rarely seen in the midlands, though they were numerous to the westward. A second letter in 1832 claimed that 'the Emu is now extinct from the midland region around Bothwell'. That year dogs killed 'a beautiful specimen of the emu' at Oatlands. It weighed about 100 pounds (45 kg), and the skin was carefully stuffed. An article in the Hobart Town Courier in 1832 deplored the loss of the emu, comparing it to that of the dodo, 'and we mention it particularly upon the present occasion, in order to impress upon our local government the propriety of taking some steps to prevent similar annihilation of that apparently no less valuable bird our native Emu. It is now very rarely to be met with in the island.' The author suggested keeping a few pairs in an enclosed area. This plea for preservation was echoed by Ronald Campbell Gunn who in 1836 reflected on an unsuccessful attempt to entice Lieutenant-Governor Arthur to respond to the plight of the Tasmanian emu, pointing out that 'Emus are now extremely rare – and in a few years will be quite gone'. James Fenton immigrated in 1834; he wrote that he never saw an emu, and only heard of one being seen near the Leven in 1839. He claimed that the emus had all disappeared from some 'unknown cause'. There are many theories about what led to the extinction of the Tasmanian emu.
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