astronomy

Tatsuji Nomura

Tatsuji Nomura is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Tatsuji Nomura rather than just read about it. In short: Tatsuji Nomura (野村達次, Nomura Tatsuji) (May 15, 1922 – January 11, 2013) was a pioneer in the development of laboratory animals with the aim of assuring reproducibility of experimental results in medical research. He was Director of the Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Japan.

Key takeaways

Tatsuji Nomura belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Tatsuji Nomura to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Tatsuji Nomura from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Tatsuji Nomura (野村達次, Nomura Tatsuji) (May 15, 1922 – January 11, 2013) was a pioneer in the development of laboratory animals with the aim of assuring reproducibility of experimental results in medical research. He was Director of the Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Japan.

Development of Comprehensive Animal Experimentation Systems His most important achievement to date is the establishment of comprehensive animal experimentation systems using strictly defined laboratory animals to assure reproducibility of experimental results in medical research. Before his concepts were applied, it was generally considered to be very difficult or even impossible to obtain reproducible results in medical research using laboratory animals, mainly due to the traditional consensus that the animals are living organisms with individual differences. He has completely changed this out-dated paradigm in medical research by establishing comprehensive animal experimentation systems. One of the factors that affects the reproducibility of the results of animal experiments is the proximate environment in which the experiment is performed including the temperature and humidity of the animal room, the size of cages and caretakers. The concept of the dramatype, which refers to the effects of the proximate environment on the phenotype, was introduced. Russell and Burch proposed the term "dramatype" in 1959 from the standpoint of animal welfare (Reduction), but Dr. Nomura developed this concept to promote the importance of control of the environment to assure reproducibility of the results of animal experiments. Based on such systems, he has established international research collaborations to develop three animal models:

Transgenic Polio Mice - Widely used in polio vaccine neurovirulence testing as a replacement for monkeys. (Approved by World Health Organization in March 2003) Trangenic rasH2 Mice - Shortening of the carcinogenicity test period in drug development from two years to six months. (Approved by FDA, NTP, and EU in 2003) NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγnull Mice (NOG Mice) - New generation of extremely immunodeficient mice that are the best candidate for humanized mice to date.

Application of animal ethics in CIEA CIEA has developed animal experimentation systems based on the concept "scientific animal experiments with reproducible results can not be achieved unless the experiments are performed ethically with the animals maintained in a normal state." To this end, the 3R (Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction of Animals in Research) principle proposed by Russell and Burch in 1959 was adopted. By using animals under strict quality control and controlling the environment so that the animals are not subjected to stress, it is possible to reduce the number of animals used in experiments (Reduction among the 3Rs). It is also possible to prevent infections such as mouse hepatitis or Sendai virus through periodic monitoring of the microbiological status of animals for early diagnosis and quality assurance and to minimize discomfort of the animals (Refinement). These policies are intended to maintain the animals in a normal state by minimizing stress. If the animals are not maintained in a normal state, reproducibility of results of experiments on animals as "living measuring instruments" cannot be assured. A system has been established in which mice with the human polio virus receptor introduced (polio mice) replace monkeys, which are closest to humans, used in neurovirulence testing of live polio vaccine (Replacement). The number of animals used can also be reduced by using mice subject to stricter quality control than monkeys. "Replacement" refers to a "switch to research not using animals" but a "switch to a method not using phylogenetically higher animals such as monkeys" is a method of natural protection. Using this alternative we succeeded in reducing the zoonotic risks for investigators (Refinement).

Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA) Dr. Nomura was Director of the Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Japan, that he founded in 1952, to improve the level of medical research.

Biography 2006–present: Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA) Chairman of the Board 1999–present: Councilor, The Japan Society for Organ Preservation and Medical Biology 1997-2003: Chairman, International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS) Monitoring & Reference Centre Program 1997: Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science (JALAS) Honorary Member 1995: President, JALAS 42nd General Meeting at Yokohama, Japan 1995-2003: ICLAS Vice President 1988: ICLAS Honorary Member 1986: President, 15th Annual Meeting of JALAS 1982-1998: Chairman, National Committee on Laboratory Animal Science, Science Council of Japan 1981–present: Visiting Professor, Keio University School of Medicine 1980–present: Chairman (Japan), US-Japan Meeting on Laboratory Animal Science 1972-1979: ICLAS Treasurer 1972-2003: ICLA, ICLAS National Member (Science Council of Japan) 1971: ICLA, Secretary-General, Asian Pacific Meeting on Laboratory Animal Science 1970-1972: ICLA Scientific Member (Japan Experimental Animal Research Association) 1966–present: CIEA Director 1957-1997: Member of Board of Directors, JALAS 1956: Doctor of Medical Science 1952: Established CIEA 1945-1954: Institute of Infectious Diseases, University of Tokyo, Japan 1945: Graduated from Keio University School of Medicine, Doctor of Medicine

Awards 2005: Marie Coates Award, ICLAS 2001: Degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Honoris Causa, Mahidol University Council, Thailand 2000: Special Recognition Award, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (practical development of TgPVR21 mice) 1998: The Order of the Sacred Treasure Gold and Silver Star, Japanese Government 1998: Special Recognition Award, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, U.S.A. (practical development of TgrasH2 mice) 1997: Person of Cultural Merit, Japanese Government 1993: Eiji Yoshikawa Cultural Award, Japan 1988: Mühlbock Memorial Award, ICLAS 1984: The Medal of Honor with a Purple Ribbon, Japanese Government 1975: The Highest Achievement Award, Japan Medical Association 1965: The First KOJIMA Memorial Award, Japan

External links Central Institute for Experimental Animals website

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Tatsuji Nomura

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Tatsuji Nomura claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Tatsuji Nomura before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Tatsuji Nomura ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Tatsuji Nomura

In research: Tatsuji Nomura appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Tatsuji Nomura in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Tatsuji Nomura is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1922 births, 2013 deaths, Japanese scientists, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Tatsuji Nomura outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

Ask Teacher Smith questions about this articleOpens your AI tutor with a question about “Tatsuji Nomura” →

Affiliate

Preply — study more efficiently by working with a personal tutor. 50% off.

How to study Tatsuji Nomura in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Tatsuji Nomura means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Tatsuji Nomura out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Tatsuji Nomura in simple terms?

Why does Tatsuji Nomura matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Tatsuji Nomura?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Tatsuji Nomura.