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Taxonomy of Cercozoa

Taxonomy of Cercozoa is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Taxonomy of Cercozoa rather than just read about it. In short: Cercozoa (=Rhizopoda) is a phylum of protists. It was first described in 1998 by Thomas Cavalier-Smith.

Key takeaways

  • Taxonomy of Cercozoa belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
  • Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
  • Connect Taxonomy of Cercozoa to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
  • Reproduce the core statement of Taxonomy of Cercozoa from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Cercozoa (=Rhizopoda) is a phylum of protists. It was first described in 1998 by Thomas Cavalier-Smith. The phylum Cercozoa belongs to a group called Rhizaria. No specific morphological or behavioral characteristics are observed in its members. This phylum exhibits great diversity. Its members are biciliate and/or amoeboid and generally possess filopodia. Most contain tubular cristae, and cysts are common. Kinetosomes are attached to the nucleus via the cytoskeleton. Microbodies and extrusomes are generally present. This list shows the revisions made to Cavalier-Smith's Cercozoa classification and also shows Adl et al. classifications.

Taxonomy Before the phylum was described, a similar group was named as phylum Rhizopoda instead. In 1997, Rhizopoda was assigned to a superphylum named Neosarcodina that also included another phylum, the Amoebozoa. Here is a scheme from Cavalier-Smith, 1997:

Phylum Rhizopoda Subphylum Phytomyxa Class Phytomyxea Order Phagomyxida Order Plasmodiophorida Subphylum Reticulofilosa Class Chlorarachnea Order Chlorarachnida Class Proteomyxidea Order Pseudosporida Order Leucodictyida Subphylum Monadofilosa Class Sarcomonadea Order Cercomonadida Order Thaumatomonadida Class Filosea Subclass Cristidiscoidia Order Nucleariida Order Fonticulida Order Ministeriida Subclass Cristivesiculatia Order Vampyrellida Subclass Testaceafilosia Order Gromiida Order Euglyphida In Cavalier-Smith, 1998, the phylum was proposed as a replacement for Rhizopoda. It was placed in infrakingdom Sarcomastigota along with the phyla Neomonada, Foraminifera and Amoebozoa. Order Spongomonadida was added to subphylum Monadofilosa and cristidiscoids were transferred to subphylum Choanozoa. The classification was this:

Phylum Cercozoa Subphylum Phytomyxa Class Phytomyxea Order Phagomyxida Order Plasmodiophorida Subphylum Reticulofilosa Class Chlorarachnea Order Chlorarachnida Class Proteomyxidea Order Pseudosporida Order Leucodictyida Subphylum Monadofilosa Order Spongomonadida Class Sarcomonadea Order Cercomonadida Order Thaumatomonadida Class Filosea Subclass Cristivesiculatia Order Vampyrellida Subclass Testaceafilosia Order Gromiida Order Euglyphida In Cavalier-Smith, 2000, a new monotypic class Spongomonadea was named for the order Spongomonadida. Spongomonadea was placed in subphylum Reticulofilosa. Order Cryomonadida was added to class Sarcomonadea. Class Athalamea was used for the families Biomyxidae and Gymnophryidae in subphylum Reticulofilosa. Class Ramicristea was used in subphylum Monadofilosa and included the orders Heliomonadida and Commatiida:

Phylum Cercozoa Subphylum Phytomyxa Class Phytomyxea Order Phagomyxida Order Plasmodiophorida Subphylum Reticulofilosa Class Chlorarachnea Order Chlorarachnida Class Proteomyxidea Order Pseudosporida Order Leucodictyida Class Spongomonadea Order Spongomonadida Class Athalamea Subphylum Monadofilosa Class Sarcomonadea Order Cercomonadida Order Thaumatomonadida Order Cryomonadida Class Filosea Subclass Cristivesiculatia Order Vampyrellida Subclass Testaceafilosia Order Gromiida Order Euglyphida Class Ramicristea Order Heliomonadida Order Commatiida In Cavalier-Smith, 2002, a new subphylum named Endomyxa was introduced to contain the new class Ascetosporea and the class Phytomyxea in the phylum Cercozoa. Ascetosporea contained the orders Haplosporida and Paramyxida. Subclass Testaceafilosia was ranked as a class Testaceafilosea. Phylum Cercozoa was placed in a new infrakingdom named Rhizaria along with the phyla Apusozoa, Retaria and Heliozoa:

Phylum Cercozoa Subphylum Reticulofilosa Class Chlorarachnea Order Chlorarachnida Class Proteomyxidea Order Pseudosporida Order Leucodictyida Class Spongomonadea Order Spongomonadida Class Athalamea Subphylum Monadofilosa Class Sarcomonadea Order Cercomonadida Order Thaumatomonadida Order Cryomonadida Class Filosea Order Vampyrellida Class Testaceafilosea Order Gromiida Order Euglyphida Class Ramicristea Order Heliomonadida Order Commatiida Subphylum Endomyxa Class Phytomyxea Order Phagomyxida Order Plasmodiophorida Class Ascetosporea Order Haplosporida Order Paramyxida In Cavalier-Smith and Chao, 2003, the subphyla Reticulofilosa and Monadofilosa were ranked as superclasses in a new subphylum Filosa. Order Heliomonadida was transferred to class Proteomyxidea, a new order Reticulosida was created to include the only family Gymnophryidae, now also containing family Biomyxidae members. A new order Metopiida was assigned to class Sarcomonadea. A new class named Thecofilosea was created to contain the order Cryomonadida and the new order Tectofilosida. A new class named Imbricatea was created to contain the orders Thaumatomonadida and Euglyphida. A new order Claustrosporida was assigned to class Ascetosporea. A new class named Gromiidea contained the only order Gromiida. Order Commatiida was not listed, and order Vampyrellida was assigned kingdom Protozoa incertae sedis.

Phylum Cercozoa Subphylum Filosa Superclass Reticulofilosa Class Chlorarachnea Order Chlorarachnida Class Spongomonadea Order Spongomonadida Class Proteomyxidea Order Pseudosporida Order Leucodictyida Order Heliomonadida Order Reticulosida Superclass Monadofilosa Class Sarcomonadea Order Metopiida Order Cercomonadida Class Thecofilosea Order Tectofilosida Order Cryomonadida Class Imbricatea Order Thaumatomonadida Order Euglyphida Subphylum Endomyxa Class Phytomyxea Order Phagomyxida Order Plasmodiophorida Class Ascetosporea Order Haplosporida Order Paramyxida Order Claustrosporida Class Gromiidea Order Gromiida In Bass and Cavalier-Smith, 2004, a new order Metromonadida was placed as superclass Monadofilosa incertae sedis. Order Metopiida was removed from class Sarcomonadea and placed subphylum Filosa incertae sedis instead. Class Spongomonadea was transferred to superclass Monadofilosa:

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Taxonomy of Cercozoa

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Taxonomy of Cercozoa claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Taxonomy of Cercozoa before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Taxonomy of Cercozoa ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Taxonomy of Cercozoa

In research
Taxonomy of Cercozoa appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry
Engineering practice reuses Taxonomy of Cercozoa in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom
Taxonomy of Cercozoa is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Algal taxonomy, Cercozoa, Eukaryote taxonomy, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life
Look for Taxonomy of Cercozoa outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.
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How to study Taxonomy of Cercozoa in 20 minutes

  1. Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
  2. Close the page and write down what Taxonomy of Cercozoa means in your own words.
  3. Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
  4. Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
  5. Explain Taxonomy of Cercozoa out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Taxonomy of Cercozoa in simple terms?

Cercozoa (=Rhizopoda) is a phylum of protists. It was first described in 1998 by Thomas Cavalier-Smith.

Why does Taxonomy of Cercozoa matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Taxonomy of Cercozoa?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Taxonomy of Cercozoa.

Tags

  • Algal taxonomy
  • Cercozoa
  • Eukaryote taxonomy

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