science

Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962)

Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) rather than just read about it. In short: The taxonomy of the vertebrates presented by John Zachary Young in The Life of Vertebrates (1962) is a system of classification with emphasis on this group of animals. Phylum Chordata Phylum Chordata [p. 24] Subphylum 1.

Key takeaways

Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The taxonomy of the vertebrates presented by John Zachary Young in The Life of Vertebrates (1962) is a system of classification with emphasis on this group of animals.

Phylum Chordata Phylum Chordata [p. 24] Subphylum 1. Hemichordata (e.g., Balanoglossus, Cephalodiscus, Rhabdopleura) Subphylum 2. Cephalochordata (= Acrania) (e.g., Branchiostoma) Subphylum 3. Tunicata (e.g., Ciona) Subphylum 4. Vertebrata (= Craniata) Superclass 1. Agnatha Class 1. Cyclostomata Class 2. †Cephalaspidomorphi (e.g., †Cephalaspis) Class 3. †Pteraspidomorphi (e.g., †Pteraspis) Class 4. †Anaspida (e.g., †Birkenia, †Jamoytius) Superclass 2. Gnathostomata Class 1. †Placodermi (e.g., †Acanthodes) Class 2. Elasmobranchii Class 3. Actinopterygii Class 4. Crossopterygii Class 5. Amphibia Class 6. Reptilia Class 7. Aves Class 8. Mammalia

Subphylum Vertebrata (= Craniata)

Superclass Agnatha Subphylum Vertebrata (= Craniata) Superclass 1. Agnatha [p. 81] Class 1. Cyclostomata Order 1. Petromyzontia (e.g., Petromyzon, Lampetra, Entosphenus, Geotria, Mordacia) Order 2. Myxinoidea (e.g., Myxine, Bdellostoma) Class 2. †Osteostraci (e.g., †Cephalaspis, †Tremataspis) Class 3. †Anaspida (e.g., †Birkenia, †Jamoytius) Class 4. †Heterostraci (e.g., †Astraspis, †Pteraspis, †Drepanaspis) Class 5. †Coelolepida (e.g., †Thelodus, †Lanarkia)

Superclass Gnathostomata

Class Elasmobranchii Superclass 2. Gnathostomata Class Elasmobranchii (= Chondrichthyes) [p. 175] Subclass 1. Selachii Order 1. †Cladoselachii (e.g., †Cladoselache, †Goodrichia) Order 2. †Pleuracanthodii (e.g., †Pleuracanthus) Order 3. Protoselachii (e.g., †Hybodiis, Heterodontus) Order 4. Euselachii Suborder 1. Pleurotremata Division 1. Notidanoidea (e.g., Hexanchus, Chlamydoselache) Division 2. Galeoidea (e.g., Scyliorhinus, Mustelus, Cetorhinus, Carcharodon) Division 3. Squaloidea (e.g., Squalus, Squatina, Pristiophorus, Alopias) Suborder 2. Hypotremata (e.g., Raja, Rhinobatis, Pristis, Torpedo, Trygon) Subclass 2. Bradyodonti Order 1. †Eubradyodonti (e.g., †Helodus) Order 2. Holocephali (e.g., Chimaera)

Class Actinopterygii Class Actinopterygii [p. 228] Superorder 1. Chondrostei Order 1. Palaeoniscoidei (e.g., †Cheirolepis, †Palaeoniscus, †Amphicentrum, †Platysomus, †Dorypterus, †Cleithrolepis, †Tarrasius, Polypterus [bichir]) Order 2. Acipenseroidei (e.g., †Chondrosteus, Acipenser [sturgeon], Polyodon [paddle-fish]) Order 3. Subholostei (e.g., †Ptycholepis) Superorder 2. Holostei (e.g., †Acentrophorus, †Lepidotes, †Dapedius, †Microdon, Amia [bowfin], Lepisosteus [gar-pike]) Superorder 3. Teleostei Order 1. Isospondyli (e.g., †Leptolepis, †Portheus, Clupea [herring], Salmo [trout]) Order 2. Ostariophysi (e.g., Cyprinus [carp], Tinea [tench], Silurus [catfish]) Order 3. Apodes (e.g., Anguilla [eel], Conger [conger eel]) Order 4. Mesichthyes (e.g., Esox [pike], Belone, Exocoetus [flying fish], Gasterosteus [stickle-back], Syngnathus [pipe-fish], Hippocampus [seahorse]) Order 5. Acanthopterygii (e.g., †Hoplopteryx, Zens [John Dory], Perca [perch], Labrus [wrasse], Uranoscopus [star gazer], Blennius [blenny], Gadus [whiting], Pleuronectes [plaice], Solea [sole], Lophius [angler-fish])

Class Crossopterygii Class Crossopterygii [p. 268] Order 1. Rhipidistia Suborder 1. †Osteolepidoti (e.g., †Osteolepis, †Sauripterus, †Diplopterax, †Eusthenopteron) Suborder 2. Coelacanthini (= Actinistia) (e.g., †Coelacanthus, †Undina, Latimeria) Order 2. Dipnoi (e.g., †Dipterus, †Ceratodus, Neoceratodus, Protopterus, Lepidosiren)

Class Amphibia Class Amphibia [p. 296] Subclass 1. †Stegocephalia Order 1. †Labyrinthodontia Suborder 1. †Ichthyostegalia (e.g., †Ichthyostega, †Elpistostege) Suborder 2. †Embolomeri (e.g., †Eogyrinus, †Loxomma) Suborder 3. †Rhachitomi (e.g., †Eryops, †Cacops) Suborder 4. †Stereospondyli (e.g., †Capitosaurus, †Buettneria) Order 2. †Phyllospondyli (e.g., †Branchiosaurus) Order 3. †Lepospondyli (e.g., †Dolichosoma, †Diplocaulus, †Microbrachis) Order 4. †Adelospondyli (e.g., †Lysorophus) Subclass 2. Urodela (= Caudata) (e.g., Molge, Salamandra, Ambystoma, Necturus) Subclass 3. Anura (= Salientia) (e.g., †Miobatrachus, †Protobatrachiis, Rana, Bufo, Hyla, Pipa) Subclass 4. Apoda (= Gymnophiona = Caecilia) (e.g., Ichthyophis, Typhlonectes)

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962)

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962)

In research: Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Systems of animal taxonomy, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) in simple terms?

The taxonomy of the vertebrates presented by John Zachary Young in The Life of Vertebrates (1962) is a system of classification with emphasis on this group of animals. Phylum Chordata Phylum Chordata [p. 24] Subphylum 1.

Why does Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962) matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962)?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962).