science

Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina rather than just read about it. In short: Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Radio and television Radio stations: 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2010).

Key takeaways

Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.

Radio and television

Radio stations: 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2010). Television stations: 3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BHRT), Federation TV operating 2 networks, and Radio Televizija Republike Srpske; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations; and dozens of small independent TV stations (2010). The Communications Regulatory Agency (CRA) is charged with regulating the country's radio and television media. During the Bosnian war, most media became propaganda tools of the authorities, armies, and factions. Since then, efforts have been made—with limited success—to develop media which bridge ethnic boundaries. TV is the chief news source. The most influential broadcasters are the public radio and TV stations operated by the Bosniak-Croat and Serb entities. The Office of the High Representative (OHR), the leading international civilian agency in Bosnia, oversaw the development of national public broadcasting. The OHR worked to create a non-nationalist, civic media. Sarajevo is home to Al-Jazeera Balkans TV, an offshoot of the Qatar-based pan-Arab news network, broadcasting in Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian.

Telephones

The telecommunications sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina is undergoing liberalisation. Up to 2006, there were three licensed fixed telecommunication operators: BH Telecom, based in Sarajevo, covering 51% of the population of BiH and most of the territory of the Federation of BiH; Telekom Srpske, based in Banja Luka, covering 34% of the population of BiH, mainly in the territory of Republica Srpska; and HT Eronet, covering 16% of the population of BiH, mainly in the Federation of BiH. The three companies enjoyed a de facto monopoly over their operating areas, although they have nationwide licenses for domestic and international calls. New competitors, such as Telemach, have entered the marked since the start of its liberalisation in 2007. The numbers of fixed telephony service subscribers were 849,027 in 2001 and 1,022,475 in 2007. Fixed telephony penetration rates increased from 22.35% (2001) to 26.41% (2007). The mobile telephony sector is highly competitive, as the three main telephone operators compete nationwide with the brands BH Mobile, M:Tel and ERONET. Mobile networks cover 99% of the population and have a 63.29% penetration rate, with 2,450,425 subscribers in 2007, doubling from 2004. All three mobile operators operate on 4G+ network. The TLC operators are still mainly state-owned and there is strong resistance to privatisation, with 90% of BH Telecom and 50.1% of HT Mostar owned by the Federation of BiH. In Republika Srpska, Telekom Srpska was privatised and is now mainly (65%) owned by Telekom Srbija The three main TLC operators have strong links to political parties. In 2003, an OHR-mandated audit revealed that BH Telekom, RS Telekom and HT Mostar suffered substantial misure of funds, corruption and mismanagement, with a total loss of US$57 million in 2002. Pressure for reform was raised by the public revelation of high salaries and financial support to political parties. This led to the sacking of the board of Bosniak-controlled BH Telekom in 2003. Yet, telecom companies continued being used as cash-machines by Bosnian political parties. In 2010, a U.S. cable defined Eronet and HT Mostar as HDZ BiH's "traditional cash cow", noting how "As Federation Minister of Finance in 1999, Covic helped arrange the transfer of Eronet to three private companies owned by HDZ-BiH interests. [Stipe] Prlic, as HT Mostar's General Manager, challenged the privatization in court and won, arguing that the Federation government had not authorized it. Covic has fought Prlic's reappointment ever since." The telecommunications market is regulated by the Communications Regulatory Agency, which also regulates broadcasting and Internet sectors.

Calling code: +387 Total fixed lines: 583,729 lines (2023) 212,624 analog fixed lines (2023) 13,466 ISDN B channels (2023) 9,372 Cellular local loop (CLL) subscriptions (2023) 237,258 Voice over IP subscriptions (2023) 328 public phones: (2023) Residential fixed lines: 336,874 (2023) Business fixed lines: 135,846 (2023) Total mobile cellular: 3.75 million active subscriptions (2023) 2.6 million prepaid mobile cellular subscriptions (2023) 1.2 million postpaid mobile cellular subscriptions (2023) Mobile cellular penetration: 96.0% of the population covered by 4G mobile networks (2023) 97.0% of the population covered by 3G mobile networks (2023) 100% of the population covered by GSM mobile networks (2023) Short Message Service: 295.5 million SMS messages sent (2023) Multimedia Messaging Service: 1.3 million MMS messages sent (2023) Service providers: 10 alternative fixed-line operators (2023)

Internet Top level domain: .ba the Univerzitetski tele-informatički centar (UTIC, University Tele-Informatics Centre) at the University of Sarajevo is the .ba domain administrator. Fixed Internet: 907,951 subscriptions (2023) Internet Users: 3,374,094 (95.55% of the population) (2021) 907,951 broadband subscriptions (2023) 455,381 digital subscriber line subscriptions (2023) 270,869 cable modem subscriptions (2023) 65,331 fixed wireless access (FWA) subscriptions (2023) 2,096 leased line subscriptions (2023) 114,251 fibre to the home (FTTH) subscriptions (2023) 23 other fixed broadband subscriptions (2023) Internet hosts: 155,252 hosts, 77th in the world Internet service providers (ISPs): 63 (2023)

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina

In research: Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Internet in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina in simple terms?

Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Radio and television Radio stations: 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2010).

Why does Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina.