Television in Romania

Key takeaways

Television in Romania belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Television in Romania to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Television in Romania from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Television in Romania started in August 1955. State television started to broadcast on 31 December 1956. The second television channel followed in 1968, but between 1985 and 1990, there was only one Romanian channel before the return of the second channel. The first experimental color broadcast was made in 1972, from the SECAM format. Official color television tests was introduced in 1981 to 1983 in PAL Regular color broadcast testing began in 1985, but full-color broadcasting didn't arrive until 1986-1990. Private broadcasters arrived in December 1991, with SOTI which was the first private nationwide television station in Central and Eastern Europe. Romania has the highest penetration rates for pay television in the world, with over 98% of all households watching television through cable or satellite.

Television market The Romanian market is dominated by two large groups: Central European Media Enterprises Ltd. and Intact Media Group, with PRO TV and Antena 1 as main channels and Kanal D also gaining audience share, starting 2014 as the third most popular channel. There are over 50 channels running ads, as of 2015 television being the best type of advertising in Romania. Over 80% of revenue advertising is earned by three players: 35% (48% GRP) PRO TV Group, 26% ANTENA TV Group, 10% Kanal D and 29% (15% GRP) rest of the channels.

Terrestrial television Romania is the only EU state that didn't end analogue broadcasting because of low interest in terrestrial television. DVB-T tests began in 2005 with two channels in Bucharest and one in Sibiu using MPEG 2 for SD Channels and MPEG 4 for HD Channels. It broadcast public channels (including one in HD) and a for a limited time a few commercial television channel (general, news and music) until September 2016. On July 23, 2013 PRO TV, the largest television channel, changed from free-to-air to pay television.

ANCOM cancelled the auction for multiplexes in 2011, and postponed the switching-off to June 17, 2015. Since June 2015 only TVR 1 continued to broadcast analogue until 31 December 2016, later again postponed until 31 December 2018. The rest of analogue broadcasts were shut down. The absence and lack of implementation of DVB-T in Romania is somehow controversial, as many people are suspecting that this delay and the adoption of DVB-T2 is forced just to sustain the interest of cable and DTH providers, also the lack of interest of the must carry broadcasters in providing channels in terrestrial is very criticized, however the main DVB-T operator in Romania is SNR, which is said to be responsible for this. In September 2016, Romania turned off DVB-T broadcasts which were experimental, and shifted on DVB-T2 technology. Criticism has appeared in the press about delays, suggesting that this will be a reason for the 20% of households who were receiving free terrestrial television to migrate towards cable and satellite operators. TVR remained the only broadcaster on DVB-T2. It is sent in Free To Air, as it is a public station. On 23 November 2022, TVR, the only broadcaster on terrestrial in Romania, removed the HD broadcasts for TVR-1 and TVR-2 on DVB-T2, leaving terrestrial broadcasting only with the SD broadcasts of TVR. TVR 1 HD and TVR 2 HD will be available solely on Satellite, Cable and IPTV. This happened mainly because of low demand of the terrestrial services, and to make room for the newly relaunched TVR Cultural.

Cable television

Romania has a high penetration rates for cable television in Europe, with over 79% of all households watching television through a CATV network in 2007. The market is extremely dynamic, and dominated by two giant companies – Romanian-based RCS&RDS (DIGI) and U.K.-based (Vodafone). Both offer internet broadband, fixed (VOIP) and mobile telephony. The national CATV network is being improved, and most households are being migrated towards digital cable solutions.

Satellite television After cable, satellite subscriptions hold second place, and are mainly popular in rural areas, where cable television and optical fiber networks were not widely available in the second half of the 2000s. The main operators are: Telekom TV, DIGI, Focus Sat operated by UPC Romania (the first DTH platform in Romania), FreeSat, and Orange operated by Orange Romania. Most of providers offer a small number of HD channels (10 channels), except Focus Sat (20 channels) and Orange, which is mainly dedicated to HD broadcasting with 50 channels. Focus Sat and FreeSat are prepaid services and can be also used with a CAM and a smart card. Defunct DTH Platforms are: Boom TV and AKTA Satelit, which were acquired by Romtelecom, now Telekom Romania.

IPTV

IP television: Romtelecom (now Telekom) slowly started to upgrade its ADSL network to VDSL in 2008, and launched IPTV on December 8, 2009. It is popular in business (companies, corporations etc.) sector rather than consumer. It is provided by Telekom (formerly Romtelecom), INES. RCS RDS tried unsuccessfully to implement IPTV being available to a limited number of subscribers since 2010.

List of channels The following is a list of television channels broadcast in Romania. A&E Networks UK Channels operated by A&E Networks UK, a joint-venture with Sky plc:

Crime & Investigation History AMC Networks International

AMC Extreme Sports JimJam Minimax TV Paprika Antenna Group

AXN AXN Black AXN Spin AXN White Kiss TV Viasat Kino Viasat Explore Viasat History Viasat Nature BBC Worldwide

BBC Earth BBC First BBC News Central European Media Enterprises

Acasă Acasă Gold Pro Arena Pro Cinema Pro TV Pro TV Internațional

Clever Group

Prima Sport Prima TV DIGI

Digi24 Digi Life Digi Sport (Romania) Digi World Music Channel (50%) Doğan Media İnternational SA

Kanal D Kanal D2 Warner Bros. Discovery

Animal Planet Cinemax Cinemax 2 Discovery Channel Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Food Network (joint-venture with Tribune Media) HBO HBO 2 HBO 3 HGTV Investigation Discovery TLC Travel Channel Disney Channels Worldwide EMEA

Baby TV Disney Channel Disney Junior Nat Geo People National Geographic National Geographic Wild Intact Media Group

Antena 1 Antena 3 CNN Antena Stars Antena Internațional Happy Channel Chefi.ro Mooz TV

Sport Extra NBCUniversal International Networks

CNBC Diva E! Tematic Media

Duck TV Shorts TV Warner Bros. Discovery

Cartoonito Cartoon Network CNN International Euronews (25%) (in English) Warner TV TVR

TVR 1 TVR 2 TVR 3 TVR Cultural TVR Info TVR Internațional Paramount Networks EMEAA

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Television in Romania

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Television in Romania claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Television in Romania before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Television in Romania ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Television in Romania

In research: Television in Romania appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Television in Romania in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Television in Romania is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Television by country, Television in Romania, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Television in Romania outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study Television in Romania in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Television in Romania means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Television in Romania out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Television in Romania in simple terms?

Television in Romania started in August 1955. State television started to broadcast on 31 December 1956.

Why does Television in Romania matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Television in Romania?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Television in Romania.