biology

Tenacibaculum

Tenacibaculum is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Tenacibaculum rather than just read about it. In short: Tenacibaculum is a gram-negative and motile bacterial genus from the family of Flavobacteriaceae. Many opportunistic pathogens for fish species are included in the genus Tenacibaculum including Tenacibaculum maritimum, Tenacibaculum soleae, Tenacibaculum discolor, Tenacibaculum gallaicum, and Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi.

Key takeaways

Tenacibaculum belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Tenacibaculum to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Tenacibaculum from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Tenacibaculum is a gram-negative and motile bacterial genus from the family of Flavobacteriaceae. Many opportunistic pathogens for fish species are included in the genus Tenacibaculum including Tenacibaculum maritimum, Tenacibaculum soleae, Tenacibaculum discolor, Tenacibaculum gallaicum, and Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi. These pathogens cause an ulcerative disease known as tenacibaculosis. Characteristics of tenacibaculosis include lesions on the body, necrosis, frayed fin, tail rot, eroded mouth, and sometimes necrosis on the gills and eyes. The disease can lead to mortality and can leave afflicted species susceptible to secondary infections from the open lesions. Tenacibaculosis is also known as salt water columnaris disease, gliding bacterial disease of sea fish, bacterial stomatitis, eroded mouth syndrome, and black patch necrosis. It is thought, though not proven, that medusas and salmon louse help spread the bacteria.

Etiology Diagnosis of the disease is conducted through cultivation and biochemical characterization. T. maritimum is also detectable internally through real-time RT-PCR. The bacterium targets teeth, which is high in the calcium needed to promote their growth. T. maritimum can also be isolated from the kidney, suggesting it is systematic.

Affected species Many fish species around the world are affected by tenacibaculosis caused by T. maritimum. Species in Japan that are affected by tenacibaculosis include the blackhead seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii), red seabream (Pagrus major), Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceous), Yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata, and Rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). In Europe, affected species include Dover sole (Solea solea), Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) in Spain, and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in France. In North America, white sea bass (Atractoscion nobilis), Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) were found to be afflicted by T. maritimum. In Australia, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), striped trumpeter (Latris lineata), greenback flounder (Rhombosolea tapirina), yellow-eye mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri), and black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) were also afflicted. T. solea caused tenacibaculosis in fish species sole Solea senegalensis Kaup, brill (Scophthalmus rhombus), and wedge sole (Dicologoglossa cuneata). T. discolor was found isolated from fish species D. labrax in Italy. T. dicentrarchi was discovered on the Chilean red conger eel (Genypterus chilensis). Tenacibaculum has also been the cause of mortalitity in shellfish species as well. Tenacibaculum soleae has been seen to cause mortality in adult Pacific oysters 11 days post-infection.

References

Further reading Frette, L; Jørgensen, NO; Irming, H; Kroer, N (March 2004). "Tenacibaculum skagerrakense sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from the pelagic zone in Skagerrak, Denmark". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (Pt 2): 519–24. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02398-0. PMID 15023969. Småge, SB; Brevik, ØJ; Duesund, H; Ottem, KF; Watanabe, K; Nylund, A (February 2016). "Tenacibaculum finnmarkense sp. nov., a fish pathogenic bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from Atlantic salmon". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 109 (2): 273–85. doi:10.1007/s10482-015-0630-0. PMC 4751178. PMID 26662517. Habib, Christophe; Houel, Armel; Lunazzi, Aurélie; Bernardet, Jean-François; Olsen, Anne Berit; Nilsen, Hanne; Toranzo, Alicia E.; Castro, Nuria; Nicolas, Pierre; Duchaud, Eric (1 September 2014). "Multilocus Sequence Analysis of the Marine Bacterial Genus Tenacibaculum Suggests Parallel Evolution of Fish Pathogenicity and Endemic Colonization of Aquaculture Systems". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (17): 5503–5514. Bibcode:2014ApEnM..80.5503H. doi:10.1128/AEM.01177-14. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 4136090. PMID 24973065. S2CID 22540951. Michalis, Pavlidis; Constantinos, Mylonas (2011). Sparidae: Biology and aquaculture of gilthead sea bream and other species. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-9220-3.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Tenacibaculum

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Tenacibaculum claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Tenacibaculum before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Tenacibaculum ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Tenacibaculum

In research: Tenacibaculum appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Tenacibaculum in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Tenacibaculum is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Bacteria genera, Bacterial diseases of fish, Flavobacteria, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Tenacibaculum outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Tenacibaculum in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Tenacibaculum means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Tenacibaculum out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Tenacibaculum in simple terms?

Why does Tenacibaculum matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Tenacibaculum?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Tenacibaculum.