Tex36

Key takeaways

Tex36 belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Tex36 to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Tex36 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Testis expressed 36, TEX36, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the tex36 gene. TEX36 interacts with proteins involved in the MAP kinase family, supporting that TEX36 may be regulated with on or off configurations. The encoded protein is highly expressed in fetal, testes, and placental tissues and has background expression levels in adults. There are also many motifs specific to male sex determination and spermatogenic factors, suggesting that it is involved in development.

Gene The verified gene sequence was confirmed in NCBI on November 26, 2016. The coding region spans 106,622 bases, and within that region are 4 exons.

Aliases TEX36, is also known by the aliases C10orf122 and BA383C5.1. It has cytogenetic bands at 10q26.13. TEX36 is also a member of the Human CCDS set CCDS44493.1.

Locus

The gene spans from 125576522 to 125683144 in the human genome. Figured is the genomic context of TEX36. There is aldolase, fructose-biphosphate A2 along with several uncharacterized loci in the gene neighborhood of TEX36.

mRNA There are two variants of TEX36, transcripts 1 and 2. The two differ by an alternately spliced 4th exon. Validated variants, 1 and 2, both contain 4 exons, but variant 1 has a longer transcript with 922 base pairs, whereas variant 2 contains 777 base pairs with a different terminating region. Only variant 1 is the protein encoding transcript.

Protein Variant 1 encodes protein testis expressed 36. TEX36 does not have any confirmed isoforms. The unmodified TEX36 consists of 186 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 21,545 daltons, with an isoelectric point of 9.1. Amino acids serine and lysine are highly represented in the protein at a higher frequency than observed in most proteins in vertebrates.

Domains & Motifs

Secondary Structure Based on conservation through multiple sequence alignments and multiple secondary structure prediction algorithms, TEX36 is composed of 4 alpha helices and 5 beta strands.

Post-Translational Modifications 14 of the 20 serine residues in TEX36 appear to be post-translationally phosphorylated. There are protein kinase C and casein kinase phosphorylation domains, along with a cAMP phosphodiesterase site and amidation sites. These post translational modifications, specifically phosphorylation, may regulate TEX36 to be off when phosphorylated and in an on conformation when not.

Sub-cellular Localization There are a couple of nuclear localization signals, pat4, and strong support from other analyses that TEX36 may be localized to the nucleus. There is not strong support for it to be found in the ER, cytoplasm, or vacuoles. These findings were consistent for the human TEX36 along with distant orthologs, such as the sea anemone and canary.

Expression and Regulation

Regulation of Gene Expression The promoter region contains the following regulatory sequences that are in highly conserved regions of TEX36:

Regulation of Translation In the 5'UTR, there is one stable stem loop, which contains a eukaryotic translation initiation factor motif. There was also a splice factor in the 5'UTR. In both the 5'UTR and 3'UTR are X-linked RNA binding motifs. One of the three stable stem loops in the 3'UTR contained an X-linked RNA binding motif. There were no identified miRNA targets in either untranslated regions.

Tissue Expression Based on microarray data, TEX36 is highly expressed in placental, fetal, and testis tissues. Whereas remains are more background levels in other adult tissues. Also, TEX36 has shown to have a two-fold increase in expression levels after exercise, compared to before in endothelial progenitor cells.

Function

Interacting Proteins TEX36 has been shown to interact with:

Dexamethasone-induced Ras-related protein 1 phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit interferon regulatory factor 3

Variants, Pathology and Clinical Significance TEX36 is one of 77 proteins expressed by testes capable of interacting with protein phosphatase 1, PP1, human testis protein protein phosphatase 1. One variant of TEX36, p.R142H, was found across all patients in a study on intracranial aneurysms. However, there was no further research on the gene and its protein function. TEX36 has also been found to be a commonly down-regulated gene in patients with microalbuminuria compared to those with normoalbuminuria. Because of the variant associated with intracranial aneurysms and its downregulation associated with various albumin levels, protein changes in TEX36 either in variants or expression levels could be deleterious, but there is no confirmation on these assumptions.

Homology

Paralogs There are no known paralogs of TEX36.

Ortholog Space

Identified through BLAST and BLAT, species that have contain an ortholog of TEX36, include: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, echinoids, anthozoans, and molluscs. There are no confirmed orthologs in bacteria, fungi/metazoans, plants, or archaea. TEX36 is found often in mammals, fish and birds, and more sparse in the others.

Protein Evolution Compared to a fast evolving protein, fibrinogen factor A, and a slow evolving protein, cytochrome c1, TEX36 has a similar rate of evolution to fibrinogen factor A, suggesting it is a fast evolving protein.

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Tex36

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Tex36 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Tex36 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Tex36 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Tex36

In research: Tex36 appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Tex36 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Tex36 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Proteins, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Tex36 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study Tex36 in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Tex36 means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Tex36 out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Tex36 in simple terms?

Testis expressed 36, TEX36, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the tex36 gene. TEX36 interacts with proteins involved in the MAP kinase family, supporting that TEX36 may be regulated with on or off configurations.

Why does Tex36 matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Tex36?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Tex36.