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The Neanderthal Parallax

The Neanderthal Parallax is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand The Neanderthal Parallax rather than just read about it. In short: The Neanderthal Parallax is a trilogy of novels written by Robert J. Sawyer and published by Tor.

Key takeaways

  • The Neanderthal Parallax belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
  • Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
  • Connect The Neanderthal Parallax to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
  • Reproduce the core statement of The Neanderthal Parallax from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The Neanderthal Parallax is a trilogy of novels written by Robert J. Sawyer and published by Tor. It depicts the effects of the opening of a connection between two versions of Earth in different parallel universes: the world familiar to the reader, and another where Neanderthals became the dominant intelligent hominid. The societal, spiritual, and technological differences between the two worlds form the focus of the story. The trilogy's volumes are Hominids (published 2002), Humans (2003), and Hybrids (2003). Hominids first appeared as a serial in Analog Science Fiction, won the 2003 Hugo Award for Best Novel, and was nominated for the John W. Campbell Award the same year; Humans was a 2004 Hugo Award finalist. In 2017, the full trilogy was presented the Aurora Award for Best of the Decade. The initial contact between the two worlds takes place at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Sudbury, Ontario, which is also the location of a scientific research facility in the Neanderthal world.

Terminology As the books unfold, the term human is used to refer to both species; both species agree to use the Neanderthal terms—gliksin for members of Homo sapiens and barast for members of Homo neanderthalensis—to distinguish between them.

Plot In Sudbury, Ontario, the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory is conducting a physics experiment. This is interrupted by the mysterious arrival of a strange man, who is believed by the people who meet him to be a Neanderthal. Geneticist Mary Vaughn, a professor at Toronto's York University, is called in to determine if the man really is a Neanderthal. Mary is reeling from being recently raped by a masked man on the University campus, and finds this a welcome distraction along with the scientific opportunity of a lifetime. She works with her friend physicist Louise Benoit, who'd initially encountered the man. The two, plus physician Ruben Montego, learn that he is a Neanderthal from a parallel universe. His name is Ponter Boddit, a quantum physicist who somehow passed into our universe as the result of an experiment gone wrong. Mary and Ruben are fascinated by the fact of his existence, and explore the many differences that distinguish his people from theirs. Meanwhile, Ponter's spouse and scientific partner, Adikor Huld, is distraught at his sudden disappearance, then doubly so after he's been accused of murdering Ponter due to his vanishing. Long-term contact is eventually created between the two worlds, along with formal diplomatic relations. However, issues of distrust and misunderstanding plague the characters. Ponter and Mary forge a relationship as they strive for both their people's mutual benefit even as they struggle to work through profoundly different beliefs as a potential crisis looms for our Earth.

Barast society The Barasts (Neanderthals) are dedicated hunter-gatherers and have no developed concept of agriculture. Despite this, they are still technologically advanced, possessing quantum computers, helicopters, communications, and biological recording instruments. They live in harmony with their environment, using clean energy and keeping a constant population. They measure long periods of time in lunar months, not years. The total barast population is much lower, numbering only 185 million worldwide compared to the gliksins' (humans') 6 billion.

Family life Due to their advanced sense of smell, barasts are very sensitive to pheromones. Accordingly, women and men live in separate communities for 25 out of every 29 days. The four days when they do come together — known as two becoming one — are the cause of a monthly celebration and holiday. All barast women have synchronized menstrual cycles, and the meeting-times are set so that conception is unlikely — except every 10 years, when another generation is purposely conceived. Generations thus grow in synchronized, ten-year cycles; barasts don't need to give his age, as simply stating his generation (if this is not simply inferred from his appearance) will give the needed information. All children live with their mothers until they reach the age of ten; boys then go to live with their fathers. Children remain with their appropriate parent until the approximate age of 18. Despite this separation of sexes, the barast find the idea of considering either sex better than the other for any reason to be completely foreign (female barast do not suffer any large-scale physical incapacity due to pregnancy). The separation is a voluntary and cultural thing, and people of both sexes are free to go where the other lives at all times but find it physically and socially discomfiting to do so when two are not one. However, facilities and living styles are fully and truly 'separate but equal' in barast society, and in the rare event that it is too difficult or resource intensive to do so (for example, large scale scientific facilities), this separation is ignored without incident. While opposite-sex couples form long-term bonds similar to marriage, the same is true of life during the rest of the month. All barasts would consider themselves bisexual by the gliksin definition; they form same-sex bonds while two are not one. Thus each adult who so chooses, no matter their gender, has a man-mate and a woman-mate; one for procreation and the genetic family basis, the other for companionship and a family unit base when their opposite-sex partner is not present. The larger, intertwined family networks that result add cohesion to barast society.

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with The Neanderthal Parallax

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what The Neanderthal Parallax claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to The Neanderthal Parallax before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about The Neanderthal Parallax ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of The Neanderthal Parallax

In research
The Neanderthal Parallax appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry
Engineering practice reuses The Neanderthal Parallax in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom
The Neanderthal Parallax is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 2000s science fiction novels, Canadian alternative history novels, Canadian bisexuality-related novels, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life
Look for The Neanderthal Parallax outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.
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How to study The Neanderthal Parallax in 20 minutes

  1. Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
  2. Close the page and write down what The Neanderthal Parallax means in your own words.
  3. Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
  4. Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
  5. Explain The Neanderthal Parallax out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is The Neanderthal Parallax in simple terms?

The Neanderthal Parallax is a trilogy of novels written by Robert J. Sawyer and published by Tor.

Why does The Neanderthal Parallax matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study The Neanderthal Parallax?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on The Neanderthal Parallax.

Tags

  • 2000s science fiction novels
  • Canadian alternative history novels
  • Canadian bisexuality-related novels
  • Fiction about Neanderthals
  • Fiction about eugenics
  • Fiction about sterilization
  • Greater Sudbury in fiction
  • Hugo Award for Best Novel–winning works
  • LGBTQ speculative fiction novels
  • Novels about parallel universes
  • Novels by Robert J. Sawyer
  • Novels set in Northern Ontario

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