science

The Women of Apollo

The Women of Apollo is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand The Women of Apollo rather than just read about it. In short: The Women of Apollo is a book written by Robyn C. Friend, illustrated by David Katz, about 4 women who participated in the United States space program during the Apollo Program.

Key takeaways

The Women of Apollo belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect The Women of Apollo to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of The Women of Apollo from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The Women of Apollo is a book written by Robyn C. Friend, illustrated by David Katz, about 4 women who participated in the United States space program during the Apollo Program.

Participants Female members of the Apollo Space Program included Bobbie Johnson, Judith Love Cohen, Ann Dickson, and Ann Maybury. Apollo 11 landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969.

Judith Love Cohen Judy worked as an electrical engineer on the abort guidance system of the Apollo Program. The abort guidance system was used during the Apollo 13 mission to safely return the astronauts to the Earth after an explosion disabled many of the spacecraft's capabilities, including the regular guidance system.

Ann Dickson Ann Dickson aspired to be an astronaut, but she never acquired the 600 hours of flying time necessary to qualify.

Margaret Heafield Hamilton Margaret Hamilton (born August 17, 1936)[1] is a computer scientist, systems engineer and business owner. She was Director of the Software Engineering Division[2] of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for Apollo.[3] In 1986, she became the founder and CEO of Hamilton Technologies, Inc., in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The company was developed around the Universal Systems Language based on her paradigm of Development Before the Fact (DBTF) for systems and software design.[4] Hamilton published over 130 papers, proceedings and reports about the 60 projects and six major programs in which she was involved. Eventually, she became director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. This division was responsible for developing the computer and software used on the Apollo 11 mission, under contract to NASA.

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with The Women of Apollo

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what The Women of Apollo claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to The Women of Apollo before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about The Women of Apollo ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of The Women of Apollo

In research: The Women of Apollo appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses The Women of Apollo in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: The Women of Apollo is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Books about the Apollo program, Women in space, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for The Women of Apollo outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study The Women of Apollo in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what The Women of Apollo means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain The Women of Apollo out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is The Women of Apollo in simple terms?

The Women of Apollo is a book written by Robyn C. Friend, illustrated by David Katz, about 4 women who participated in the United States space program during the Apollo Program.

Why does The Women of Apollo matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study The Women of Apollo?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on The Women of Apollo.