chemistry

Therapeutic Targets Database

Therapeutic Targets Database is a chemistry topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Therapeutic Targets Database rather than just read about it. In short: Therapeutic Target Database (TTD) is a pharmaceutical and medical repository constructed by the Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group (IDRB) at Zhejiang University, China and the Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group at the National University of Singapore. It provides information about known and explored therapeutic protein and nucleic acid targets, the targeted disease, pathway information and the corre…

Key takeaways

Therapeutic Targets Database belongs to chemistry; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Therapeutic Targets Database to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Therapeutic Targets Database from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Therapeutic Target Database (TTD) is a pharmaceutical and medical repository constructed by the Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group (IDRB) at Zhejiang University, China and the Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group at the National University of Singapore. It provides information about known and explored therapeutic protein and nucleic acid targets, the targeted disease, pathway information and the corresponding drugs directed at each of these targets. Detailed knowledge about target function, sequence, 3D structure, ligand binding properties, enzyme nomenclature and drug structure, therapeutic class, and clinical development status. TTD is freely accessible without any login requirement at https://idrblab.org/ttd/.

Statistics This database contains 3,730 therapeutic targets (532 successful, 1,442 clinical trial, 239 preclincial/patented and 1,517 research targets) and 39,862 drugs (2,895 approved, 11,796 clinical trial, 5,041 preclincial/patented and 20,130 experimental drugs). The targets and drugs in TTD cover 583 protein biochemical classes and 958 drug therapeutic classes, respectively. The latest version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) codes released by WHO are incorporated in TTD to facilitate the clear definition of disease/disease class.

Validation of Primary Therapeutic Target Target validation normally requires the determination that the target is expressed in the disease-relevant cells/tissues, it can be directly modulated by a drug or drug-like molecule with adequate potency in biochemical assay, and that target modulation in cell and/or animal models ameliorates the relevant disease phenotype. Therefore, TTD collects three types of target validation data:

Experimentally determined potency of drugs against their primary target or targets. Evident potency or effects of drugs against disease models (cell-lines, ex-vivo, in-vivo models) linked to their primary target or targets. Observed effects of target knockout, knockdown, RNA interference, transgenetic, antibody or antisense treated in-vivo models.

Categorization of Therapeutic Targets based on Clinical Status The therapeutic targets in TTD are categorized into successful target, clinical trial target, preclinical target, patented target, and literature-reported target, which are defined by the highest status of their corresponding drugs.

Successful target: targeted by at least one approved drug; Clinical trial target: not targeted by any approved drug, but targeted by at least one clinical trial drug; Preclinical target: not targeted by any approved/clinical trial drug, but targeted by at least one preclinical drug; Patented target: not targeted by any approved/clinical trial/preclinical drug, but targeted by at least one patented drug; Literature-reported target: targeted by investigative drugs only.

Classification of Therapeutic Targets based on Molecular Types The molecular types of therapeutic targets in TTD include protein, nucleic acid, and other molecule.

Protein: the most common type of target in drug development Nucleic acid: include DNA, mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA targets Other molecule: such as uric acid, iron, and reactive oxygen species

Different Types of Drugs Collected in TTD The main drug types in TTD include small molecule, antibody, nucleic acid drug, cell therapy, gene therapy and vaccine.

Small molecule: the most common medications in the pharmaceutical market Antibody: includes monoclonal antibodies and several alternatives such as antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, IgG mixtures, and antibody fusion proteins Nucleic acid drug: mainly include antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs, small activating RNA, microRNAs, mRNAs and so on Cell therapy: inject, graft or implant viable cells into a patient in to effectuate a medicinal effect Gene therapy: manipulate gene expression or alter the biological properties of living cells to produce the therapeutic effect Vaccine: provide active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease

Main Advancement in Different Versions of TTD

2024 Update (Nucleic Acids Res. 2023, doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751) Source: ■ Target druggability illustrated by molecular interactions or regulations; ■ Target druggability characterized by different human system features; ■ Target druggability reflected by diverse cell-based expression variations;

2022 Update (Nucleic Acids Res. 2022, 50: D1398-D1407) Source: ■ Structure-based activity landscape and drug-like property profile of targets; ■ Prodrugs together with their parent drug and target; ■ Co-targets modulated by approved/clinical trial drugs; ■ Poor binders and non-binders of targets;

2020 Update (Nucleic Acids Res. 2020, 48: D1031-D1041) Source: ■ Target regulators (microRNAs & transcription factors) and target-interacting proteins; ■ Patented agents and their targets (structures and experimental activity values if available);

2018 Update (Nucleic Acids Res. 2018, 46: D1121-D1127) Source: ■ Differential expression profiles and downloadable data of targets in patients and healthy individuals; ■ Target combination of multitarget drugs and combination therapies;

2016 Update (Nucleic Acids Res. 2016, 44: D1069-D1074) Source: ■ Cross-links of most TTD target and drug entries to the corresponding pathway entries; ■ Access of the multiple targets and drugs cross-linked to each of these pathway entries;

2014 Update (Nucleic Acids Res. 2014, 42: D1118-D1123) Source: ■ Biomarkers for disease conditions; ■ Drug scaffolds for drugs/leads;

2012 Update (Nucleic Acids Res. 2012, 40: D1128-D1136) Source: ■ Target validation information (drug-target-disease); ■ Quantitative structure activity relationship models (QSAR) for compounds;

2010 Update (Nucleic Acids Res. 2010, 38: D787-D791) Source: ■ Clinical trial drugs and their targets; ■ Similarity target and drug search.

References

External links Therapeutic Target Database home page Article on PubMed Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Therapeutic Targets Database

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Therapeutic Targets Database claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In chemistry, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Therapeutic Targets Database before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Therapeutic Targets Database ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Therapeutic Targets Database

In research: Therapeutic Targets Database appears in chemistry research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Therapeutic Targets Database in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Therapeutic Targets Database is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Chemical databases, Drugs in Singapore, Medical databases, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Therapeutic Targets Database outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Therapeutic Targets Database in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Therapeutic Targets Database means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Therapeutic Targets Database out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Therapeutic Targets Database in simple terms?

Why does Therapeutic Targets Database matter?

Because it connects several chemistry ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Therapeutic Targets Database?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Therapeutic Targets Database.