mathematics

Thomas Bartholin

Thomas Bartholin is a mathematics topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Thomas Bartholin rather than just read about it. In short: Thomas Bartholin (; Latinized as Thomas Bartholinus; 20 October 1616 – 4 December 1680) was a Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian. He discovered the lymphatic system in humans and advanced the theory of refrigeration anesthesia, being the first to describe it scientifically.

Key takeaways

Thomas Bartholin belongs to mathematics; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Thomas Bartholin to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Thomas Bartholin from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Thomas Bartholin (; Latinized as Thomas Bartholinus; 20 October 1616 – 4 December 1680) was a Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian. He discovered the lymphatic system in humans and advanced the theory of refrigeration anesthesia, being the first to describe it scientifically. Thomas Bartholin came from a family that has become famous for its pioneering scientists, twelve of whom became professors at the University of Copenhagen. Three generations of the Bartholin family made significant contributions to anatomical science and medicine in the 17th and 18th centuries: Thomas Bartholin's father, Caspar Bartholin the Elder (1585–1629), his brother Rasmus Bartholin (1625–1698), and his son Caspar Bartholin the Younger (1655–1738). Thomas Bartholin's son Thomas Bartholin the Younger (1659–1690) became a professor of history at the University of Copenhagen and was later appointed royal antiquarian and secretary to the Royal Archives.

Personal life Thomas Bartholin was the second of the six sons of Caspar Bartholin the Elder, a physician born in Malmø, Scania, and his spouse Anne Fincke. Bartholin the Elder published the first collected anatomical work in 1611. This work was later augmented, illustrated and revised by Thomas Bartholin, becoming the standard reference on anatomy; the son notably added updates on William Harvey's theory of blood circulation and on the lymphatic system. Bartholin visited the Italian botanist Pietro Castelli at Messina in 1644. In 1663 Bartholin bought Hagestedgård, which burned down in 1670 including his library, with the loss of many manuscripts. King Christian V of Denmark appointed Bartholin as his physician with a substantial salary and freed the farm from taxation as recompense for the loss. In 1680 Bartholin's health failed, the farm was sold, and he moved back to Copenhagen, where he died. He was buried in Vor Frue Kirke (Church of Our Lady). The Bartholinsgade, a street in Copenhagen, is named for the family. Nearby is the Bartholin Institute (Bartholin Institutet). One of the buildings of the University of Aarhus is named after him.

Contributions to medical research In December 1652, Bartholin published the first full description of the human lymphatic system. Jean Pecquet had previously noted the lymphatic system in animals in 1651, and Pecquet's discovery of the thoracic duct and its entry into the veins made him the first person to describe the correct route of the lymphatic fluid into the blood. Shortly after the publication of Pecquet's and Bartholin's findings, a similar discovery of the human lymphatic system was published by Olof Rudbeck in 1653, although Rudbeck had presented his findings at the court of Queen Christina of Sweden in April–May 1652, before Bartholin, but delayed in writing about it until 1653 (after Bartholin). As a result, an intense priority dispute ensued. Niels Stensen or Steno became Bartholin's most famous pupil. Thomas' publication De nivis usu medico observationes variae Chapter XXII, contains the first known mention of refrigeration anaesthesia, a technique whose invention Thomas Bartholin credits to the Italian Marco Aurelio Severino of Naples. According to Bartholin, Severino was the first to present the use of freezing mixtures of snow and ice (1646), and Thomas Bartholin initially learnt about the technique from him during a visit to Naples. Bartholin–Patau syndrome, a congenital syndrome of multiple abnormalities produced by trisomy 13, was first described by Bartholin in 1656. Caspar Bartholin the Elder, Thomas Bartholin's father; his brother Rasmus Bartholin; and his son Caspar Bartholin the Younger (who first described "Bartholin's glands"), all contributed to the practice of modern medicine through their discoveries of important anatomical structures and phenomena. Bartholin the Elder started his tenure as professor at Copenhagen University in 1613, and over the next 125 years, the scientific accomplishments of the Bartholins while serving on the medical faculty of the University of Copenhagen won international acclaim and contributed to the reputation of the institution.

Selected works

Historiarum anatomicarum rariorum [...] (Case histories of unusual anatomical and clinical structures, including descriptions and illustrations of anomalies and normal structures) ... centuria I et II at Google Books, Amsterdam, 1654. ... centuria III et IV at Google Books. The Hague: Vlacq, 1657. ... centuria V et VI at Google Books, Copenhagen: P. Haubold, 1661 (with Mantissa anatomica, by Johannes Rodius). De unicornu. Padua, 1645. De Angina Puerorum Campaniae Siciliaeque Epidemica Exercitationes. Paris, 1646. De lacteis thoracicis in homine brutisque nuperrime observatis historia anatomica at Google Books, Copenhagen: M. Martzan, 1652 (Bartholin's discovery of the thoracic duct). Vasa lymphatica nuper Hafniae in animalibus inventa et hepatis exsequiae. Hafniae (Copenhagen), Petrus Hakius, 1653. Vasa lymphatica in homine nuper inventa. Hafniae (Copenhagen), 1654. Historarium anatomicarum rariorum centuria I-VI. Copenhagen, 1654–1661. Anatomia. The Hague. Ex typographia Adriani Vlacq, 1655. Dispensarium hafniense. Copenhagen, 1658. De nivis usu medico observationes variae. Accessit D. Erasmi Bartholini de figura nivis dissertatio. With a book by Rasmus Bartholin. Copenhagen: Typis Matthiase Godichii, sumptibus Petri Haubold, 1661. (Contains the first known mention of refrigeration anaesthesia) Cista medica hafniensis. Copenhagen, 1662. De pulmonum substantia et motu. Copenhagen, 1663. De insolitis partus humani viis. Copenhagen, 1664. De medicina danorum domestica. Copenhagen, 1666. De flammula cordis epistola. Copenhagen, 1667. Orationes et dissertationes omnino varii argumenti. Copenhagen, 1668. Carmina varii argumenti. Copenhagen, 1669. De medicis poetis dissertatio. Hafinae, apud D. Paulli, 1669. De bibliothecae incendio. Copenhagen, 1670. De morbis biblicis miscellanea medica. Francofurti, D. Paulli, 1672. De cruce Christi hypomnemata IV, Typis Andreae ab Hoogenhuysen, Vesaliae (Wesel), 1673. Acta medica et philosophica. 1673–1680.

References

External links

View digitized titles by Thomas Bartholin in Botanicus.org Thomas Bartholin in Whonamedit.com Bartholin's (1647) De luce animalium – digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository) Illustrations by Thomas Bartholin from manuscripts and early print books. Works by Thomas Bartholin at Project Gutenberg

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Thomas Bartholin

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Thomas Bartholin claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In mathematics, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Thomas Bartholin before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Thomas Bartholin ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Thomas Bartholin

In research: Thomas Bartholin appears in mathematics research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Thomas Bartholin in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Thomas Bartholin is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1616 births, 1680 deaths, 17th-century Danish landowners, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Thomas Bartholin outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Thomas Bartholin in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Thomas Bartholin means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Thomas Bartholin out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Thomas Bartholin in simple terms?

Why does Thomas Bartholin matter?

Because it connects several mathematics ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Thomas Bartholin?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Thomas Bartholin.