Thomas Wallace (5 September 1891 – 1 February 1965) was a British professor of horticultural chemistry. He gained fame as one of the world's leading experts on mineral deficiencies in plants.
Early life and education Thomas Wallace had five older sisters, one younger sister, and two older brothers. Their father Thomas Sr. was a blacksmith and agricultural mechanic. As a boy, Thomas Jr. worked as a farm hand and attended a local primary school in Burradon until 1905 when he won a County of Northumberland scholarship to Rutherford College of Technology in Newcastle. In 1910 he matriculated at Armstrong College, University of Durham. There he had a brilliant academic career, studying principally chemistry, but also physics, mathematics, botany, and zoology. He was College Prizeman in inorganic, organic and analytical chemistry and Alder Scholar in zoology. In 1913 he graduated with a BSc degree in chemistry.
WW I service At Armstrong College, Wallace joined the University of Durham Officers’ Training Corps and distinguished himself by his outstanding conduct. At the outbreak of WW I, he was commissioned in the Special Reserve of Officers and assigned to the 3rd Border Regiment. He was soon sent to France and as an officer, attached to the Royal West Kent Regiment, fought in France and Belgium in the early part of WW I. He received in 1914 the Mons Star. In 1915 he was reattached to the Border Regiment which was part of the 29th Division serving in Gallipoli. He participated in the actions at Cape Helles and Suvla Bay. Near Krithea in Cape Helles, he won one of the UK's earliest Military Crosses to be awarded in the Gallipoli campaign. After surviving unwounded in his Gallipoli service, Wallace was in 1916 sent to France as an adjutant in 11th Sussex Regiment. In July 1916 at Richebourg-l'Avoué he was severely wounded, leaving him with permanent, serious joint stiffness in his left knee. After sufficient recovery from his wounds, Wallace was assigned to the Anti-Gas Department of the Royal Engineers. He attained the rank of captain. Wallace's first research was done on the chemistry of gases used in WW I.
Career at the University of Bristol After working for a brief time as an industrial chemist for the Castner-Kellner Alkali Company, Wallace became in May 1919 a research chemist at the Long Ashton Research Station (part of the University of Bristol). Simultaneously, he was the Advisory Officer in Agricultural Chemistry for the Bristol Province. At the Long Ashton Research Station, he was from 1923 to 1943 the deputy director and from 1943 to 1957 the Director. After previously holding appointments as Lecturer and Reader, Wallace was appointed Professor of Horticultural Chemistry in the University of Bristol in 1943 and retained his professorship until 1957 when he retired as professor emeritus. Wallace was the author or co-author of about 100 scientific articles. In 1921 he published an important contribution to pomology by showing that leaf scorch was sometimes due to a soil deficiency of potassium and could be cured by manurial treatment or adding potash. He did research on many aspects of horticulture. He published on the problem of winter-killing of vegetable crops and frost damage to apple trees. From 1943 to 1958 he was joint editor of the Journal of Horticultural Science.
WW II and food production in the UK In 1939 Wallace organised the Long Ashton section of the Local Defence Volunteer. The section eventually became a Company of the 7th Somerset Home Guard. He was given the rank of major and became second in command of the battalion which grew to a strength of over 3000 men. During WW II the British government sponsored a campaign for increased food production involving large-scale conversion of pasture for grazing animals into land for raising crops. Such conversion sometimes failed, or partially failed, because the soil had mineral composition unfavourable for food crops. When the land to be sloughed up had a soil type which might prove deficient in some minerals, Wallace recommended the use of indicator plots. The plots had several crops selected to display symptoms of mineral deficiencies. Different fertiliser treatments of the three major plant nutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), as well as various combinations of micronutrients, were implemented in the indicator plots for comparison with the control plot (which was fully fertilised with N, P, K, and the micronutrients). For Wallace's method to work, it was necessary to have a comprehensive, illustrated book displaying in colour the various possibilities for mineral deficiencies that might occur in the crops planted in the indicator plots. The required book with photographic images in colour was financed by Agricultural Research Council and printed by H. M. Stationery Office in London. The book was given a high priority and published in 1943 with the title The diagnosis of mineral deficiencies in plants by visual symptoms: a colour atlas and guide. There was a 2nd edition in 1951 and a 3rd edition in 1961. The book became a standard reference with a world-wide demand that continued for decades. Wallace was a thorough and sophisticated researcher. He and his co-workers sometimes grew plants in sand culture in which the concentration of the element under examination was reduced beyond the limits of detection even by extremely sensitive chemical methods. Such experimental horticulture in sand culture often required great skill and diligence. Many different problems were encountered in practical applications. A necessary plant nutrient might not be absent from the soil but instead chemically bound by unfavourable chemical conditions in such a way that it was not bio-available to the plant. The unfavourable chemical conditions in the soil needed to be dealt with. In such a case, Wallace would conduct a series of field trials on a typically deficient soil using a variety of treatments. He was satisfied only when the intended crop was flourishing where it had previously failed.
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