Timber rafting is a method of transporting felled tree trunks by tying them together to make rafts, which are then drifted or pulled downriver, or across a lake or other body of water. It is arguably, after log driving, the second cheapest means of transporting felled timber. Both methods may be referred to as timber floating. The tradition of timber rafting cultivated in Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Latvia, Poland and Spain was inscribed on UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2022.
Historical rafting
Unlike log driving, which was a dangerous task of floating separate logs, floaters or raftsmen could enjoy relative comfort of navigation, with cabins built on rafts, steering by means of oars, and the possibility to make stops. On the other hand, rafting requires wider waterflows. Timber rafts were also used as a means of transportation of people and goods, both raw (ore, fur, game) and finished. Theophrastus (Hist. Plant. 5.8.2) records how the Romans imported Corsican timber by way of a huge raft propelled by as many as fifty masts and sails. This practice used to be common in many parts of the world, especially North America and on all main rivers of Germany. Timber rafting allowed for connecting large continental forests, as in southwestern Germany, via Main, Neckar, Danube, and Rhine with the coastal cities and states. Early modern forestry and remote trading were closely connected. Large pines in the Black Forest were called "Holländer," as they were traded to the Netherlands. Large timber rafts on the Rhine were 200 to 400m in length and 40m wide and consisted of several thousand logs. The crew consisted of 400 to 500 men, and the rafts were provided with shelter, bakeries, ovens and livestock stables. Timber rafting infrastructure allowed for large interconnected networks all over continental Europe. The advent of the railroad, steam-powered vessels, and improvements in trucking and road networks gradually reduced the use of timber rafts. The practice is still of importance in Finland. In Spain, this method of transport was used mainly in the Ebro, Tajo, Júcar, Turia, and Segura rivers, and to a lesser extent in the Guadalquivir. There is documentary evidence of timber rafting as early as the sixteenth century, and its use was extended until the middle of the 20th century. In Latvia, the most notable rafting took place on the Gauja and Daugava rivers. After fading away in the late 1960s, Gauja river rafting was revived in the town of Strenči by enthusiasts in 1996, and the first annual Gauja Rafting Festival took place in May 1998. The practice was added to the Latvian Cultural Canon non-material list in 2018. In Russia, the use of elaborate timber rafts called belyana continued into the 1930s.
Construction
Timber rafts could be of enormous proportions, sometimes up to 600 metres (2,000 ft) long, 50 metres (160 ft) wide, and stacked 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) high. Such rafts would contain thousands of logs. For the comfort of the raftsmen - which could number up to 500 - logs were also used to build cabins and galleys. Control of the raft was done by oars and later on by tugboats. Raft construction differs depending on the watercourse. Rocky and windy rivers saw rafts of simple, yet sometimes smart, construction. For example, the front parts of the logs were joined by wooden bars, while the rear parts were loosely roped together. The resulting slack allowed for easy adaptation for narrow and windy waterbeds. Wide and quiet rivers, like the Mississippi River, allowed huge rafts to travel in caravans and even be chained into strings. These types of constructed log rafts used for timber rafting over long distances by waterways to markets of large populations appeared on the Atlantic coast about 1883. They were there sometimes referred to as Joggins-Leary log ships because they were financed by businessman James T. Leary and originated at Joggins, Nova Scotia. They seem also to have been employed on the Rhine River as early as September 14, 1888. Their use on the Pacific coast was first contemplated by the capitalists James Mervyn Donahue of the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad and John D. Spreckels of the San Diego and Arizona Railway when they formed the Pacific west coast Joggins Raft Company on September 21, 1889.
In the southeastern United States
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