Timeline of geology
Early works c. 1025 – al-Biruni publishes the Kitāb fī Taḥqīq mā li-l-Hind (Researches on India), in which he discusses the geology of India and hypothesizes that it was once a sea. 1027 – Avicenna publishes The Book of Healing, in which he hypothesizes on two causes of mountains.
16th and 17th centuries Portuguese and Spanish explorers systematically measure magnetic declination to estimate the geographical longitude 1556 – Agricola publishes De re metallica. This book acts as the standard mining and assaying text for the next 250 years. 1596 – Abraham Ortelius, Flemish-Spanish cartographer, first envisages the continental drift theory. 1603 – Ulisse Aldrovandi coins the term Geology. 1669 – Nicolas Steno puts forward his theory that sedimentary strata had been deposited in former seas, and that fossils were organic in origin
18th century 1701 – Edmond Halley suggests using the salinity and evaporation of the Mediterranean to determine the age of the Earth 1743 – Dr Christopher Packe produces a geological map of south-east England 1746 – Jean-Étienne Guettard presents the first mineralogical map of France to the French Academy of Sciences. 1760 – John Michell suggests earthquakes are caused by one layer of rocks rubbing against another 1776 – James Keir suggests that some rocks, such as those at the Giant's Causeway, might have been formed by the crystallisation of molten lava 1779 – Comte de Buffon speculates that the Earth is older than the 6,000 years suggested by the Bible 1785 – James Hutton presents paper entitled Theory of the Earth – Earth must be old 1799 – William Smith produces the first large scale geological map, of the area around Bath
19th century 1809 – William Maclure conducts the first geological survey of the eastern United States 1813 – Georges Cuvier publishes his Essay on the Theory of the Earth, proposing catastrophism on the basis of his work in biostratigraphy 1830 – Sir Charles Lyell publishes book, Principles of Geology, which describes the world as being several hundred million years old 1837 – Louis Agassiz begins his glaciation studies which eventually demonstrate that the Earth has had at least one ice age 1841 – August Breithaupt, Vollstandiges Handbuch der Mineralogie 1848 – James Dwight Dana, Manual of Mineralogy 1862 – Lord Kelvin attempts to find the age of the Earth by examining its cooling time and estimates that the Earth is between 20 and 400 million years old 1884 – Marcel Alexandre Bertrand, Nappe and Thrust fault theory
20th century 1903 – George Darwin and John Joly claim that radioactivity is partially responsible for the Earth's heat 1907 – Bertram Boltwood proposes that the amount of lead in uranium and thorium ores might be used to determine the Earth's age and crudely dates some rocks to have ages between 410 and 2200 million years 1911 – Arthur Holmes uses radioactivity to date rocks, the oldest being 1.6 billion years old 1912 – Alfred Wegener proposes that all the continents once formed a single landmass called Pangaea that broke apart via continental drift 1912 – George Barrow maps zones of metamorphism (the Barrovian sequence) in southern Scotland 1913 – Albert A. Michelson measures tides in the solid body of the Earth 1915 – Pentti Eskola develops the concept of metamorphic facies 1928 – N. L. Bowen publishes The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks, revolutionizing experimental igneous petrology 1935 – Charles Richter invents a logarithmic scale to measure the magnitude of earthquakes ( M L {\displaystyle M_{L}} ) 1941 – Nickel-Strunz classification, Karl H. Strunz, Mineralogische Tabellen 1948–1959 – Felix Andries Vening Meinesz investigations show gravity anomalies, implying that the crust is moving (together with J.H.F. Umbgrove, B.G. Escher and Ph.H. Kuenen) 1951 – Alfred Rittmann links subduction, volcanism and the Wadati–Benioff zone 1953 – Maurice Ewing, Bruce Heezen, and Marie Tharp discover the Great Global Rift running along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 1960 – Harry Hess proposes that new sea floor might be created at mid-ocean rifts and destroyed at deep sea trenches 1963 – Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews explain the stripes of magnetized rocks with alternating magnetic polarities running parallel to mid-ocean ridges as due to sea floor spreading and the periodic geomagnetic field reversals (Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis) 1966 – Keiiti Aki discovers the seismic moment ( M 0 {\displaystyle M_{0}} ) 1979 – Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori, Moment magnitude scale ( M W {\displaystyle M_{W}} ), it succeeds the Richter magnitude scale 1980 – Physicist Luis Alvarez, his son, geologist Walter Alvarez, and others propose that the impact of a large extraterrestrial object caused the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous Period, about 66 million years ago.
21st century 2001 – Nickel-Strunz classification, Karl H. Strunz and Ernest H. Nickel, Strunz Mineralogical Tables 9 ed.
See also
History of geology
References