This is a chronological index for the start year for motor vehicle brands (up to 1969). For manufacturers that went on to produce many models, it represents the start date of the whole brand; for the others, it usually represents the date of appearance of the main (perhaps only) model that was produced. This also gives an idea of what motor vehicles were appearing on the streets in each country around each date (allowing, too, for imports from other countries). Moreover, by showing which models were contemporary, it gives a first indication of how individual designers were being influenced by each other, and a flavor of the entrepreneurial spirit and dynamics of the pioneering days of motor vehicle manufacture. Within each year, and country of origin, the lists are structured according to the type of vehicle first introduced. These include the following types: steam, electric, hybrid electric, internal-combustion, touring car, roadster, tonneau, phaeton, cyclecar, light car, voiturette, runabout, high wheeler, buggy, tricar, motor quadricycle, motor tricycle, motorcycle, coach, bus, fire-engine, truck, tractor, racing car, avant-train.
Veteran era
1852? Russia. Motorcycle: Alexander Leutner & Co.
1860 Thomas Rickett's steam-powered car was particularly notable in the history of motor vehicle production inasmuch as several examples were made, and it was also advertised. UK. Steam: Rickett
1861 US. Steam: Ware Steam Wagon
1873
The Bollée family played a significant part in the history of motor vehicle manufacture; the father with his steam car, and one of his sons, in 1895, with an internal-combustion engine design. France. Steam bus: Amédée Bollée
1880 Netherlands: Spyker: carriages, later internal combustion.
1883 France. Steam: De Dion-Bouton (later internal-combustion, with a patent in 1889)
1884 France. Internal-combustion: Delamare-Deboutteville
1885
Karl Benz's vehicle was the first true automobile, entirely designed as such, rather than simply being a motorized stage coach or horse carriage. This is why he was granted his patent, and is regarded as its inventor. His wife, Bertha became the first true motorist, in 1889, when she took their sons out for the specific task of paying a visit to her family. Germany. Internal-combustion: Benz UK. Internal-combustion: Butler US. Electric: Armstrong Electric
1887 UK. Motorcycle: New Imperial
1889 The first Daimler vehicle was a converted carriage, but with innovations that are still adopted today (cushioned engine mountings, fan cooling, finned-radiator water cooling). France. Steam: Peugeot (later internal-combustion, and the first to be entered in an organised race, albeit for bicycles, Paris–Brest–Paris) Germany. Internal-combustion: Daimler (DMG) UK. Internal-combustion: Santler US. Internal-combustion rotary engine: Adams-Farwell
1890
Panhard and Levassor's design of a front-mounted engine established the layout of the majority of cars since then. France. Internal-combustion: Panhard-Levassor
1891
US. Steam: Black; steam tractor: Avery; internal-combustion: Buckeye gasoline buggy
1893 France. Electric (and later internal-combustion): Jeantaud Germany. Internal-combustion: MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG (later MAN Truck & Bus) UK. Steam: Straker-Squire (also known as Brazil Straker) US. Internal-combustion: Elmore, Duryea
1894 France. Internal-combustion: Audibert & Lavirotte, Berliet, Delahaye UK. Electric: Garrard & Blumfield US. Electric: Electrobat
1895 France. Internal-combustion: Léon Bollée, Corre, Rochet-Schneider UK. Internal-combustion: Knight, Lanchester Austria-Hungary. Internal-combustion: Laurin & Klement (later Škoda) US. Electric: Morris & Salom US. Internal-combustion: De La Vergne
1896 In the UK, the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 replaced the hugely restrictive Locomotive Acts of 1861, 1865 and 1878 (the so-called Red Flag acts) thereby finally freeing up the automotive industry in the UK (and, incidentally, was also the origin of the celebrations of the first London to Brighton Veteran Car Run). Knight had been convicted under the old act, the previous year, for not having a man precede his vehicle with a red flag, and Walter Arnold was the first person to be convicted, in January 1896, for exceeding the speed limit. Meanwhile, Serpollet was issued with what was effectively the first driving licence.
France. Steam: Gardner-Serpollet; internal-combustion: Clément-Gladiator, Dalifol, Darracq, Lorraine-Dietrich, Triouleyre; voiturette: Dalifol & Thomas, Goujon, Léon Bollée; motorcycle: Clément and Gladiator Italy. Internal-combustion: Enrico Bernardi Russia. Internal-combustion: Yakovlev-Frese UK. Steam: Leyland; internal-combustion: Anglo-French, Arnold, Arrol-Johnston, Atkinson and Philipson; motorcycle: Excelsior, motor tricycle: Ariel US. Internal-combustion: Altham, Black, Electric & internal-combustion: Brewster, Haynes-Apperson
1897
Australia: Australis France. Steam: Montier & Gillet; electric: Krieger; internal-combustion: Grivel, Juzan, Société Parisienne, Mors; voiturette: Decauville, Richard; avant-train: Amiot UK. Steam: Toward & Philipson; Electric: Bushbury Electric, Neale; electric phaeton: Electric Motive Power; internal-combustion: Belsize; bus: Thomas Harrington US. Electric: Pope; Internal-combustion: Autocar, Oldsmobile, Plass, Winton Austria-Hungary. Internal-combustion: Präsident (Tatra)
1898 Belgium. Internal-combustion: Delecroix, Métallurgique France. Internal-combustion: Ailloud, Astresse, Auge, David & Bourgeois, De Dietrich, Lufbery, Poron, Tourey; voiturette: Le Blon, De Riancey; trucks and tractors: Latil; avant-train: Ponsard-Ansaloni Germany. Electric: Kühlstein; internal-combustion: AWE, Wartburg Italy. Internal-combustion: Ceirano GB & C; motor tricycle/quadricycle: Prinetti & Stucchi UK. Electric: Oppermann; internal-combustion: Alldays & Onions, Grose, James and Browne, Madelvic, Star; tricar: Humber; motor tricycle/quadricycle: Arsenal, Eadie, Leuchters; motorcycle: Swift, US. Steam: American Waltham; electric: Riker; internal-combustion: Rutenber, St. Louis; buggy: Stearns
1899
Belgium. Voiturette: Vivinus France. Electric: Bouquet, Garcin & Schivre, Monnard; internal-combustion: Allard-Latour, Esculape, La Lorraine, Luc Court, Marot-Gardon, Raouval, Renault (including the first saloon car), Turcat-Méry; light car: Naptholette; voiturette: Andre Py, Cochotte, Populaire, Rouxel; alcohol fuelled: L'Alkolumine Germany. Internal-combustion: Opel Italy. Internal-combustion: Fiat Russia. Electric: Kukushka UK. Electric: Joel-Rosenthal; internal-combustion: Accles-Turrell, Geering; voiturette: Argyll; motor tricycle/quadricycle: Allard, Anglo-American; motorcycle: Coventry-Eagle, OK-Supreme, Quadrant, Royal Enfield US. Steam: Century, Grout, Kensington, Keystone, Kidder, Leach, Liquid Air, Locomobile, Mobile (pre Stanley Steamer), Strathmore, Victor Steam, Waltham Steam; electric: American Electric, Baker, Columbia (taxi), Electric Vehicle, Quinby, Stearns, US Automobile, Van Wagoner, Woods; internal-combustion: American, Black, Bramwell-Robinson, Buick, Gasmobile, Gurley, Holyoke, International, Media, Oakman-Hertel, Packard (Ohio), Quick, Sintz
1900 Australia. Tarrant Belgium. Hybrid: Pieper; internal-combustion: Nagant, Pipe; voiturette: Antoine Canada. Electric: Canadian Motor France. Internal-combustion: Ader, Ardent, Chenard-Walcker, Maillard, Nanceene, Otto; voiturette: Chainless, Soncin; motorcycle: Buchet, Castoldi Germany. Internal-combustion: Adler, Albion; voiturette: AGG; motorcycle (later trucks): Phänomen Italy. Internal-combustion: Isotta Fraschini UK. Internal-combustion: Hewinson-Bell, Napier, Smith & Dowse; voiturette: Billings-Burns; motorcycle: Rex-Acme US. Steam: Tractobile, Kent's Pacemaker, Porter Stanhope, Skene, Steamobile; electric: Hewitt-Lindstrom, National; internal-combustion: Auburn, Canda, California, Eureka, Holley, Keystone, Knox, Lozier, Peerless, Rambler, Stearns-Knight; tractor: Samson; truck: Detroit
1901 Canada. Light car: Queen France. Internal-combustion: Charron, Corre La Licorne; voiturette: L'Ardennais, Guerraz, Henry-Dubray, Korn et Latil, Malliary; light car: De Boisse Germany. Internal-combustion: Horch, Stoewer; motorcycle: NSU UK. Electric: Electromobile; internal-combustion: Asquith, Imperial, John O'Gaunt, Sunbeam, paraffin fuelled: Ralph Lucas; cyclecar: Campion; light car: Ralph Gilbert; voiturette: Wolseley; motorcycle: Matchless, Singer US. Steam: Aultman, Binney & Burnham, Covert, Desberon, Hidley, Hudson, Reading Steamer, Stearns, White; internal-combustion: Altman, Apperson, Buffalo, Buffum, De Dion, Empire, Marion, Pierce-Arrow, Schaum; touring car: Austin; runabout: Stevens-Duryea; high wheeler: Holsman; motorcycle: Indian
1902 Belgium. Internal-combustion: Minerva France. Internal-combustion: Motobloc, Richard-Brasier Germany. Internal-combustion: Aachener, AEG, Argus, Beaufort, NAG; motorised tricycle/quadricycle: Cyklon Russia. Electric: Dux Spain. Internal-combustion: Anglada UK. Steam: Vapomobile; internal-combustion: Abingdon, Armstrong, Karminski, Maudslay, Rover, Vulcan; voiturette: Esculapeus, tricar: Advance; motorcycle: Norton, Triumph US. Steam: Clipper, Hoffman, Richmond, Stanley; electric: Studebaker; internal-combustion: Blood, Brennan, Cadillac, Cameron, Cannon, Clarkmobile, Franklin (automobile), Gaeth, Hammer-Sommer, Kirk, Marmon, Reber; runabout: Glide (automobile), Smith, Standard Steel; touring car: Spaulding; light car: Greenleaf, Orient; buggy: American, Union; compound expansion: Eisenhuth; truck: Rapid
1903 Belgium. Internal-combustion: Excelsior France. Internal-combustion: Ariès, Clément-Bayard, Delaunay-Belleville, Hotchkiss, Regal, Talbot; light car: Henry Bauchet Germany. Internal-combustion bus/truck: Büssing UK. Electric: Lems; steam (and internal-combustion): Albany; internal-combustion: Attila, Elswick, Kyma, Lea-Francis, Lee Stroyer, Standard, Vauxhall, Whitlock; avant-train: Adams; motorcycle: Chater-Lea, New Hudson, Wilkinson Sword US. Steam: Jaxon; internal-combustion: American Chocolate (Walter), Bates, Ford, Lenawee, Marble-Swift, Matheson, Vermont, Wilson; motorcycles: Harley-Davidson, touring car: Acme, Berg, Logan, Michigan, Iroquois, Jackson, Phelps, Premier; roadster: Buckmobile; runabout: Dingfelder, Eldredge, Marr, Mitchell, Overland, Sandusky, Tincher
1904 Canada. Internal-combustion: Russell France. Internal-combustion: Cottin & Desgouttes, Grégoire; voiturette: Lavie; motor tricycle: La Va Bon Train Germany. Internal-combustion: Alliance, Wenkelmobil Italy. Internal-combustion: Itala Spain. Internal-combustion: Hispano-Suiza UK. Electric: Imperial; internal-combustion: Arbee, Armstrong Whitworth, Ascot, Calthorpe, Chambers, Crossley, Croxted, Iden, Motor Carrier, Queen; voiturette: Achilles; light car: Gilburt; tricar: Garrard; motorcycle: Phelon & Moore, Zenith US. Steam: Empire Steamer; electric: Berwick, Marquette; internal-combustion: American, American Mercedes, American Napier, Christie, Cleveland, Corbin, Detroit Wheeler, Dolson, Lambert, Luverne, Maxwell, Moline, Orlo, Oscar Lear, Pierce-Racine, Queen, Sampson, Schacht, Sinclair-Scott (Maryland), Standard, Studebaker-Garford, Twyford Stanhope; touring car: Brew-Hatcher, S&M Simplex, Crestmobile, Detroit Auto, Frayer-Miller, Jeffery, Pungs Finch, Richmond, Royal, Thomas, Upton; runabout: Courier, Fredonia, Northern, Pierce, Pope-Tribune; tractor: Holt
Brass era
1905
France. Internal-combustion: Alliance, Brasier, Charlon, Couverchel, Delage, Eudelin, Rolland-Pilain, Sizaire-Naudin; touring car: Rebour; light car: Helbé, Urric; voiturette: Eureka; motorcycle: Herdtle & Bruneau Germany. Steam: Altmann; internal-combustion: Ehrhardt, Hansa, Hexe, Solidor Italy. Internal-combustion: Diatto, Zust UK. Electric: Alexandra, Ekstromer; internal-combustion: Adams, Austin, Edismith, Riley, Sunbeam-Talbot, Talbot; light car: One of the Best; tricar: Anglian; motorcycle: Velocette US. Electric: Rauch and Lang; internal-combustion: Aerocar, Ardsley, Ariel, Cartercar, Corwin, Crown, Harrison, Haynes, Silent Knight, Pullman, Rainier, Selden, Soules, Stoddard-Dayton; touring car: Detroit-Oxford, Diamond T, Gas-au-lec, Lambert, REO, USA Daimler; roadster: Walker, Western; light car: Bell, buggy: Deal, Hammer; motorcycle: Excelsior-Henderson, Shawmobile
1906 Belgium. Internal-combustion: Impéria; hybrid: Auto-Mixte France. Internal-combustion: AM, Ampère, Antoinette, Lion-Peugeot, Unic; light car: Doriot, Flandrin & Parant; voiturette and motorcycle: Alcyon Germany. Internal-combustion: AAG Italy. Internal-combustion: Aquila Italiana, Fial, Peugeot-Croizat, SCAT, SPA, Standard UK. Internal-combustion: All-British, Ladas, Marlborough, Rolls-Royce; light car: Jowett; tricar: Addison, Armadale; dual-control car: Academy; hybrid bus: Tilling-Stevens; motorcycle: Dot US. Steam: Doble, Ross; electric: Babcock; internal-combustion: ALCO, American, American Simplex, Apollo, Atlas, Bliss, Car de Luxe, Deere, Dorris, Dragon, Frontenac, Hol-Tan, Jewell, Kissel, Model, Moore (Ball-Bearing Car); touring car: Heine-Velox, Moon; roadster: Colburn; light car: Janney; high wheeler: ABC, Black, McIntyre, Success
1907 Australia. Caldwell Vale Belgium. Internal-combustion: Springuel Canada. Internal-combustion: McLaughlin France. Internal-combustion: Ariane, Jean-Bart, Lahaussois, Lutier, Marie de Bagneux, Prod'homme, Sinpar, Sixcyl; voiturette: Couteret, Obus, La Radieuse; voiturette tricar: Guerry et Bourguignon, Lurquin-Coudert; tricar: Austral, Mototri Contal; hybrid: AL; amphibious: Ravailler; racing car: De Bazelaire UK. Internal-combustion: Dalgliesh-Gullane, Hillman; truck: Commer; motorcycle: Douglas US. Electric: American Juvenile Electric, Detroit Electric; internal-combustion: Allen Kingston, Anderson, Carter Twin-Engine, Continental, Corbitt, Fuller, Griswold, Maryland, Kiblinger, Oakland, Regal, Speedwell; high wheeler: Eureka, Hatfield, Single Center, Staver; roadster: CVI; runabout: Albany, Colt Runabout, Kermath, Marvel, Nielson
1908 France. Internal-combustion: Le Pratic, X; phaeton: Siscart; voiturette: Roussel Germany. Internal-combustion: Allright, Brennabor, Fafnir, Lloyd Italy. Internal-combustion: Lancia, Marca-Tre-Spade, Temperino Russia. Internal-combustion: Russo-Balt UK. Internal-combustion: Arno, Sheffield-Simplex, Valveless; touring car: Argon; light car: Alex; motorcycle: Premier US. Internal-combustion: Bendix, Coates-Goshen, Correja, Cunningham, De Luxe, General Motors, Gyroscope, Havers, Imperial, Paige, Sears, Velie; touring car: Moyer; high wheeler: Cole, De Schaum, DeWitt, Hobbie Accessible, Michigan; runabout: Simplo; cyclecar: Browniekar; buggy: Davis
1909 France. Internal-combustion: Bugatti, FL, La Ponette, Le Zèbre Italy. Racing car: Brixia-Zust; motorcycle: Della Ferrera Netherlands. Internal-combustion: Entrop UK. Internal-combustion: Pilot US. Internal-combustion: Abbott-Detroit, Anhut, Black Crow, Crow-Elkhart, Cutting, EMF, Everitt, Fuller, GJG, Hupmobile, Inter-State, Lion, Pilot; touring car: Crawford, Fal-Car, Piggins, Standard Six; roadster: Coyote, Hudson, Kauffman; runabout: Brush; small car: Herreshoff, Hitchcock, KRIT; light car: Courier; buggy: Paterson; raceabout: Mercer; racing car: McFarlan; truck: Chase, Sanford-Herbert
1910 Canada. Internal-combustion: Gareau France. Internal-combustion: Ageron, Damaizin & Pujos, Margaria, Mathis, Plasson; light car: Simplicia; cyclecar: Bédélia Germany. Internal-combustion: Ansbach, Apollo, Audi Italy. Internal-combustion: Alfa Romeo, Chiribiri UK. Steam: AMC; internal-combustion: Morgan, Siddeley-Deasy; cyclecar: GN US. Electric: Grinnell; internal-combustion: Alpena, Cavac, De Mot, Flanders, Great Eagle, Kline Kar, Lexington, Maytag-Mason, Parry, Spaulding, United States; touring car: Carhartt, Chalmers, Detroit-Dearborn, Etnyre, Faulkner-Blanchard, Great Southern; tonneau: Henry, Midland; roadster: Ames, King-Remick, Penn; runabout: Empire; cyclecar: Autoette; high wheeler: Anchor Buggy; buggy: Aldo
1911 Argentina. Anasagasti Canada. Internal-combustion: Clinton France. Cyclecar: Enders Germany. Internal-combustion: Excelsior-Mascot, Podeus; rotary valve: Standard Italy. Motorcycle: Benelli
UK. Internal-combustion: Aberdonia, AGR, Airedale, GWK, Newton-Bennett, Roper-Corbet; cyclecar: Alvechurch, Autotrix, Lambert; motorcycle: Beardmore, Coventry-Victor, Levis, Rudge-Whitworth, Villiers US. Electric: Hupp-Yeats, Century, Dayton Electric; internal-combustion: America, Ann Arbor, Chevrolet, Day, Gaylord, American Jonz (automobile) (The American), King, Komet, Marathon, Overland OctoAuto, Nyberg, Pilgrim of Providence, Rayfield, Stutz, Virginian, Willys; tractor: Mogul; fire-engine: Ahrens-Fox,
1912 Argentina: Internal-combustion: Anasagasti Canada. Internal-combustion: Amherst France. Electric: Anderson Electric, internal-combustion: Albatros, Alda, Arista, Cognet de Seynes, Hédéa, La Roulette, SCAP; light car: Luxior, truck: Laffly, avant-train: Ponts, Hungary. Internal-combustion: Raba Italy. Internal-combustion: Storero
Spain. Internal-combustion: Abadal UK. Steam: Sheppee; internal-combustion: ABC; cyclecar: Adamson, Arden, Chota, Coventry Premier, Crouch, Hampton, HCE, Tiny, Tyseley; motorcycle: NUT, Sunbeam US. Electric: Argo Electric, Buffalo Electric, Church-Field; internal-combustion: Anna, Briggs-Detroiter, Crane & Breed, Pathfinder, Standard; touring car: Miller, Westcott; light-car: Lad's Car, Little; tricar: American Tri-Car, motorcycle: Cyclone; truck: Brockway, Palmer-Moore
1913
Belgium. Internal-combustion: Alatac France. Internal-combustion: Ajax, Alba, Alva, Rougier; cyclecar: Jouvie Spain. Cyclecar: David UK. Internal-combustion: Morris, Perry, Woodrow, WW; light car: Ace, Lucar; cyclecar: Armstrong, Athmac, Baker & Dale, Bantam, BPD, Britannia, Broadway, Carlette, Dallison, Dewcar, LAD, Lester Solus, Vee Gee, Warne, Wilbrook, Wrigley; motocycle: Montgomery US. Electric: American Electric; internal-combustion: Allen (Ohio), Allen (Philadelphia), Chandler, Flyer, Grant, Lyons-Knight, Monarch; cyclecar: Car-Nation, Coey, Detroit Cyclecar, Downing-Detroit, Dudly Bug, Gadabout, JPL, Little Detroit Speedster, Little Princess, Twombly; touring car: Keeton; roadster: Saxon, Scripps-Booth; sports car: Duesenberg; motocycle: Bi-Autogo
1914 France. Internal-combustion: Ascot, Donnet-Zedel; light car: Nardini Japan. Internal-combustion: DAT Italy. Maserati UK. Internal-combustion: Trojan, Utopian; light car: Bifort, cyclecar: Bradwell, Buckingham, Carden, Hill & Stanier, Imperial, Projecta, Simplic; motocycle: ABC US. Electric: Ward; internal-combustion: Ajax, American, Benham, Dile, Keystone, Light, Monroe, MPM, Partin, Willys-Knight; touring car: Alter; roadster: Metz, Vulcan; light car: Fischer, Lincoln; cyclecar: Argo, Arrow, Biesel, CAC, Cricket, Davis, Dodge, Engler, Excel, Hawk, Logan, LuLu, Malcolm Jones, Mercury, Motor Bob, O-We-Go, Xenia
1915 Canada. Internal-combustion: Gray-Dort, Regal UK. Internal-combustion: Atalanta; sports car: Aston Martin US. Electric: Menominee, hybrid electric: Owen Magnetic, internal-combustion: All-Steel, Apple, Biddle, Bour-Davis, Briscoe, Dort, Elcar, Herff-Brooks, Hollier, Ross, Smith Flyer, light car: Bell, Harvard, cyclecar: Koppin, racing car: Frontenac,
1916 Russia: AMO US. Electric: Belmont; internal-combustion: Aland, American Junior, Auto Red Bug, Bush, Daniels, Dixie Flyer, Hackett, HAL, Jordan, Liberty, Sun, Yale; touring car: Barley, Marion-Handley, Germany: BMW
1917
Canada. Internal-combustion: Moose Jaw Standard UK. Cyclecar: Gibbons US. Internal-combustion: Able, Amalgamated, American, Anderson, Columbia, Commonwealth, Piedmont, Shad-Wyck, Templar; touring car: Harroun, Nelson, Olympian; light car: Gem; truck: Nash,
1918 Italy: trucks OM UK. Internal-combustion: All British Ford; motorcycle: Cotton US. Steam: Bryan, internal-combustion: Essex; motorcycle: Ner-a-Car
1919 Australia: Australian Six France. Internal-combustion: Avions Voisin, Butterosi, Citroen, Leyat, Salmson; cyclecar: ASS, Soriano-Pedroso Germany. Internal-combustion: AGA, Anker UK. Internal-combustion: Alvis, Angus-Sanderson, Armstrong Siddeley, Ashton-Evans, Bentley, Dawson, Eric-Campbell, Maiflower, Ruston-Hornsby, Willys Overland Crossley; cyclecar: Aero Car, Ashby, AV, Castle Three, Economic, Tamplin; motorcycle: Brough Superior, Coventry-Victor, Dunelt, Duzmo US. Internal-combustion: Amco, Argonne, Climber, Du Pont, Graham-Paige; truck: Huffman
Vintage era
1920 Belgium. Light car: ALP
France. Electric: Electricar; internal-combustion: Janémian, Jouffret, Radior; cyclecar: Able, Ajams, Astatic, La Comfortable, De Marçay, Elfe, Kevah, Santax; sports car: Fonlupt Germany. Internal-combustion: Joswin, Selve; touring car: Steiger Japan: Mazda UK. Internal-combustion: Aeroford, Cubitt, Galloway, Palmerston, Payze; light car: Albert; cyclecar: Allwyn, Archer, Baughan, Bell, Black Prince, Blériot-Whippet, Bound, Cambro, CFB, Winson; sports car: Sports Junior USA: Ace, Alsace, Aluminum, Astra, Binghamton Electric, Carroll, Colonial, Colonial/Shaw, Friend, Gardner, Gray Light Car, LaFayette, Lorraine, Mason Truck, Sheridan, Standard Steam Car, Stanwood
1921 Canada: Brock Six, London Six
France: Amilcar, Ballot, Bernardet, Coadou et Fleury, Colda, Le Favori, Georges Irat, Hinstin, Janoir, Madoz, Quo Vadis, Le Roitelet, Solanet Germany: Alfi, Arimofa, Atlantic, Pawi, Rumpler Tropfenwagen, Zündapp Italy: Ansaldo, Aurea, IENA, motorcycle: Moto Guzzi Japan: Ales UK: Amazon, Barnard, Scott Sociable, Skeoch US. Steam: Coats, Davis, internal combustion: Adria, Aero Car, Ajax, Automatic, Birmingham, Colonial, Davis Totem, Durant, Earl, Handley-Knight, Jacquet Flyer, Kessler, Wills Sainte Claire
1922 Canada: Colonial France: Astra, Bucciali, Induco, JG, Vaillant Germany: Juho, Komet UK: Abbey, Abingdon, Albatros, Alberford, Aster, Atomette, Autogear, Baby Blake, Bean, Bow-V-Car, Christchurch-Campbell, Clyno, Frazer Nash, Gwynne, Packman & Poppe, Swallow Sidecar Company, Wigan-Barlow, Xtra US. Steam: Alena, American Steamer, Endurance, internal combustion: ABC, Anahuac, Ansted-Lexington, Checker, DAC, Dagmar, Detroit, Gray, Jewett, Kess-Line 8, Rickenbacker, Star, Stewart-Coats
1923 Belgium: ADK, De Wandre, Juwel Canada. Steam: Brooks France: Bell, Henou, Willème Germany: Alan, Kenter, Pilot, motorcycle: BMW UK: Astral, Urecar
USA: Flint, Kenworth, Rugby
1924 Czech Republic: Skoda France: AEM, AS, Le Cabri, De Sanzy, Elgé, Jean Gras, Jousset Germany: Amor, Ehrhardt-Szawe, Tempo Japan: Otomo UK: HRD, Morris, Paydell US. Steam: American; internal-combustion: Chrysler, Junior R, Pennant
1925 Argentina: Hispano-Argentina Australia: Ford (Australia) Belgium: Jeecy-Vea France: Heinis, Jack Sport Germany: Hanomag, Sablatnig-Beuchelt, Seidel-Arop Italy: Amilcar Italiana, Maggiora, Moretti UK: Brocklebank, Invicta, Jappic, McEvoy, MG USA: Empire Steam Car, Ajax, Diana
1926 France: Alma, Arzac, Chaigneau-Brasier, Constantinesco, Lambert, Ratier, SAFAF, Sensaud de Lavaud, Tracta Germany: Daimler-Benz, Gutbrod, Mercedes-Benz UK: Arab, HP, Marendaz, Swallow USA: Ansted, Divco, Dodgeson, Pontiac
1927 France: Rosengart, Silva-Coroner UK: Arrol-Aster, Avro, Streamline (Burney Car) USA: Falcon-Knight, Graham-Paige, LaSalle Sweden: Volvo
1928 Germany: BMW, DKW Netherlands: DAF UK: Ascot, Vincent USA: DeSoto, Plymouth
1929 France: Alphi, Michel Irat Germany: Borgward Italy: Ferrari Soviet Union. Motorcycle: Izh Spain: National Pescara UK: Alta USA: American Austin, Blackhawk, Cord, Roosevelt, Ruxton, Viking, Windsor
Pre-war years
1930 Belgium: Astra France: AER, Virus Germany: Ardie-Ganz
Soviet Union: KIM
1931 Australia: Southern Cross Germany: Maikäfer Soviet Union: ZIS Japan: Datsun UK: Squire USA: De Vaux, Hoffman (Detroit automobile)
1932 Italy: Ermini, Nardi Poland: Polski Fiat Soviet Union: GAZ UK: Vale Special USA: Allied, De Vaux Continental, Jaeger
1933 France: Tracford Germany: Standard Superior UK: André, Railton, SS Cars (predecessor of Jaguar Cars) USA: Continental
1934
France: Simca Germany: Auto Union, Bungartz Butz Japan: Ohta Jidosha UK: Aveling-Barford, British Salmson, Rytecraft
1935 France: Talbot-Lago Germany: Henschel UK: Autovia, Batten, Jensen, Reliant USA: Stout Scarab
1936 France: Darl'mat, Monocar UK: Allard, HRG, Lammas, Lloyd, Skirrow Japan: Toyota
1937 France: Ardex, Danvignes Germany: Volkswagen UK: Atalanta
1938 France: DB, Rolux UK: Nuffield
War years
1939 Soviet Union: SMZ USA: Albatross, Crosley, truck: Peterbilt Italy: Ferrari
1940 UK: DMW
1941 Soviet Union: UAZ; motorcycle: IMZ-Ural
1942 Brazil. Trucks: F.N.M.
1943 Soviet Union. Trucks: Ural
1945 India: Mahindra & Mohammed (Later Mahindra & Mahindra) Soviet Union. Motorcycle: Dnipro UK: Bristol, Healey, Jaguar Cars USA: Kaiser-Frazer
Post-war years
1946 France: Chappe et Gessalin, Mochet, Rovin Germany: Messerschmitt Hungary: Csepel Italy: Bandini, Cisitalia, Stanguellini; Trucks: Astra Veicoli Industriali Soviet Union: Moskvitch; motorcycle: ZiD Spain: Pegaso UK: Cooper USA: American Motors Incorporated, Frazer
1947 Canada: Studebaker France: Aerocarene, Alamagny Germany: Veritas Italy: Innocenti, Lambretta, Maserati, O.S.C.A. Soviet Union. Trucks: Minsk Automobile Plant UK: Ambassador, Ausfod, Buckler USA: Airscoot, Davis, Playboy
1948 Australia: Holden China: GAC France: J-P Wimille Germany: Fend Flitzer Italy: Fimer, Iso Rivolta, Siata Japan. Motorcycle: Marusho Soviet Union. Trucks: BelAZ UK: EMC, Land Rover, Rochdale, Thundersley Invacar USA: Autoette, Keller, Tucker Sedan
1949 Australia: Hartnett France: Atlas India: AUTOPRD Soviet Union: RAF Japan: Honda (Motorcycle) UK: Dellow USA: Aerocar, Airway, Glasspar G2; scooter: PMC
1950 France: Autobleu Germany: Fuldamobil, Kersting-Modellbauwerkstätten, Kleinschnittger, Staunau Spain: SEAT UK: Marauder, Paramount USA: Muntz
1951 Argentina: IAME Australia: Chrysler (Australia) France: Atlas, Automobiles Marathon, Le Piaf, Reyonnah Germany: Glas Poland: FSO Soviet Union. Trucks: KAZ; motorcycle: Minsk UK: Arnott, Russon, Turner USA: Nash-Healey
1952 France: Arista France: Martin-Spéciale, Poinard Germany: Brütsch, Champion Soviet Union: PAZ UK: Austin-Healey, BMC, Greeves, Lotus USA: Allstate, Woodill
1953 China: BAW, FAW East Germany: EMW Japan: Subaru USA: Eshelman, Fina-Sport
1954 France: Alpine, Facel Vega Spain: Serveta UK: Astra, Fairthorpe, Rodley, Swallow Doretti USA: AMC, Studebaker-Packard
1955 Australia: Nota Belgium: Meeussen East Germany: Zwickau France: Saviem, VELAM Germany: Goggomobil Italy: Autobianchi Soviet Union: LAZ, LuAZ UK: Ashley, Elva
1956 Argentina: IKA Germany: Heinkel Kabine Soviet Union: ZiL, [[K
(motorcycle)|TMZ]], Vyatka
UK: Berkeley, Tourette USA: Auto Cub, Devin, Dual-Ghia
1957 East Germany: Trabant France: Arbel, Atla Germany: Neckar Romania: ARO UK: Peerless (Warwick), Scootacar, Tornado USA: Aurora, Hackney
1958 Australia: Elfin China: BAIC, Hongqi Israel: Autocars Soviet Union: KAvZ; trucks: BAZ, KrAZ UK: Gill, Frisky USA: Edsel, Streco Turnpike Cruiser
1959 Argentina: Siam Di Tella China: Changan East Germany: Melkus India: Vehicle Factory Jabalpur Ireland: Shamrock Soviet Union: LiAZ UK: Bristol Siddeley, Gilbern, Marcos, Mini USA: Argonaut, Nu-Klea Starlite
Classic era
1960 India: Ideal Jawa UK: Ausper, Brabham, Rickman US. Replica veteran car: Gaslight
1961 Germany: Amphicar Soviet Union: ZAZ UK: Diva
1962 Canada: Acadian France: Automobiles René Bonnet Iran: Iran Khodro Soviet Union: AvtoKuban Japan. Motorcycle: Kawasaki USA: Apollo
1963 Brazil: Puma Italy: ATS, Scuderia Serenissima, Lamborghini UK: Bond, Gordon-Keeble USA: Exner Revival Cars; trucks: Marmon Japan: Honda (Car)
1964 Italy: ASA Soviet Union: ErAZ USA: Fiberfab
1965 Australia: Finch Restorations France: Matra India: Heavy Vehicles Factory Iran: SAIPA Italy: Ferves Soviet Union: IzhAvto Spain: IPV UK: Jago, Peel
1966 Bulgaria: Bulgarrenault Italy: Bizzarrini New Zealand: Trekka Soviet Union: Lada; trucks: MoAZ Romania: Dacia Soviet Union: ErAZ Turkey: Anadol UK: Norton-Villiers, Trident, Unipower
1967 Argentina: Andino Bulgaria: Bulgaralpine India: Tata motors New Zealand: Anziel
1968 Italy: Autozodiaco, LMX Sirex Turkey: Tofaş UK: Piper USA: Savage GT
1969 Australia. Trucks: RFW Brazil. Cars: Gurgel China: Dongfeng Soviet Union. Trucks: Kamaz UK: Enfield
1970 China: Changhe
1972 Greece: Namco
Modern Classic Era (Late 1970s-1990s)
1978 Australia. PRB
1979 Australia. Bolwell
1981 Australia. Borland Python India: Rajah Spain: UROVESA UK: Asquith
1982 China: Wuling Germany: Isdera Japan: Takeoka
1983 Argentina. Eniak France: Aixam Malaysia: Proton UK: Sinclair USA: Saleen
1984 China: Great Wall, Xinkai France: Microcar, Venturi UK: Ronart
1985 Italy: DR Madagascar: Karenjy UK: McLaren USA: Mosler, Saturn
1986 Australia. Bufori China: Geely, Seres Japan: Acura, Tommykaira Kenya: Nyayo Taiwan: Ta Ching
1987 Mexico: Mastretta
1988 China: BeiBen, Foday, King Long, Shuanghuan Germany: Wiesmann Italy: Cizeta-Moroder (later Cizeta)
1989 Iran: Azar Japan: Autozam, Eunos, Infiniti, Lexus New Zealand: Saker USA: Geo, NABI, Panoz
1991 Australia. Stohr
1992 China: Brilliance
1993 Malaysia: Perodua
1994 Ghana: Kantanka
1995 Australia. Jacer
1996 Australia. Bullet China: Foton
1997 China: Ankai, Chery
1998 Australia. Puma
Contemporary Era (2000s – 2010s)
2001 Australia. Devaux, Minetti
2002 Australia. FPV
2003 China: BYD Auto USA: Tesla
2004 Australia. Joss, Spartan
2005 China: Zotye
2006 China: Bestune Tunisia: Wallyscar
2007 Denmark: Zenvo Nigeria: Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing USA: Atieva (later Lucid), Fisker
2008 China: Everus
2009 Croatia: Rimac USA: Rivian
Modern/Current Era (2010s – Present)
2010 China: Baojun, Denza Kenya: Mobius
2014 China: Nio, XPeng Israel: City Transformer USA: Nikola
2015 China: Li Auto UK: Charge R&D (later Arrival)
2016 Germany: Sono Sweden: Lynk & Co UK: INEOS Automotive
2017 China: Aion, Arcfox, Exeed, Leapmotor USA: Canoo Vietnam: VinFast
2018 Hong Kong: Apex Morocco: Neo Turkey: Togg USA: Lordstown (later Nu Ride)
2021 Canada: Edison China: Xiaomi Auto, Zeekr Spain: Silence
2022 China: Omoda Saudi Arabia: Ceer
2023 China: Fangchengbao, ICar, Jaecoo, Yangwang
2024 China: Firefly, Onvo
See also Automotive industry in the United Kingdom List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom Automotive industry in the United Kingdom List of automobile manufacturers List of current automobile manufacturers by country List of current automobile marques List of steam car makers Orphan
References