astronomy

Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope

Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope rather than just read about it. In short: The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is an international 21st-century space observatory that was launched on 25 December 2021. It is intended to be the premier observatory of the 2020s, combining the largest mirror yet on a near-infrared space telescope with a suite of technologically advanced instruments from around the world.

Key takeaways

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Reference excerpt

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is an international 21st-century space observatory that was launched on 25 December 2021. It is intended to be the premier observatory of the 2020s, combining the largest mirror yet on a near-infrared space telescope with a suite of technologically advanced instruments from around the world. The telescope is designed to last at least five and a half years (six months calibration plus five years science operations), but with a goal of ten years. The limiting factor is expected to be fuel to maintain its halo orbit, of which there is enough for at least ten years. It was announced in December 2021 that due to the accuracy of the orbital insertion and course correction burns, the telescope had more fuel available than originally planned and could operate for "significantly" longer than the original ten year planned life span. JWST cost approximately $10 billion in its design, construction, and five years of operations (does not include extended mission funding), as well as international contributions.

Timeline of selected events 1996: Next Generation Space Telescope initiated. 2000: NEXUS cancelled (JWST technology demo). September 2002: NGST named James Webb Space Telescope. 11 September 2003: $824.8 million prime contract for JWST awarded to TRW. January 2007: 9/10 technology development items pass non-advocate review. April 2010: technical part of Mission Critical Design Review (MCDR) passes. July 2011: James Webb project threatened with cancellation. November 2011: JWST survives cancellation attempt. 2012: MIRI instrument hand-off. March 2013: FGS/NIRISS installed in the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM). 4 July 2013: MIRI installed in ISIM. March 2014: NIRCam installed in ISIM 24–25 March 2014: NIRSpec integrated into ISIM. June 2014: first combined test of all four instruments including cryogenic testing in the Goddard Space Environment Simulator. 2014: peak U.S. funding hit $650 million this year. December 2015: contract for JWST's launcher signed with a launch date of October 2018. February 2016: hexagonal segments of the primary mirror assembled. March 2016: cryogenic testing of instruments and mirrors completed. 3 March 2016: secondary mirror installed on Optical Telescope Element (OTE). March 2016: Aft Optics Subsystem installed on OTE. November 2016: JWST construction completed, with additional testing to come. January 2017: JWST is fine after experiencing an anomaly during vibration testing in Dec 2016. 27 March 2018: JWST launch delayed to at least May 2020 as issues arise, including ones with the propulsion system and potential snagging of the sunshield. 27 June 2018: JWST launch postponed to 30 March 2021 based on recommendations by an Independent Review Board. 16 July 2020: JWST launch postponed to 31 October 2021 due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as technical challenges. 1 June 2021: JWST launch postponed to no earlier than November 2021 due to concerns regarding the readiness of the Ariane 5 launch vehicle and launch site. 8 September 2021: JWST launch postponed to 18 December 2021. 22 November 2021: JWST launch delayed to no earlier than 22 December 2021, to allow additional testing after experiencing vibrations due to an unplanned clamp release. 15 December 2021: JWST launch delayed to no earlier than 24 December 2021, due to an electrical fault, resulting in a communications error between the observatory and the Launch Vehicle. 21 December 2021: JWST launch delayed to no earlier than 12:20 UTC on 25 December 2021, due to adverse weather conditions at the launch site. 25 December 2021: liftoff at 12:20 UTC. 24 January 2022: JWST arrives at final orbit around the second Sun-Earth Lagrange point, or L2, nearly 1 million miles (1.51 million kilometers) away from the Earth. 11 July 2022: JWST has completed its commissioning activities and is ready to begin full scientific operations. 12 July 2022: JWST's first full-color images and spectroscopic data were released during a televised broadcast at 10:30 a.m. EDT (14:30 UTC) on Tuesday, July 12, 2022, from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

Pre-launch plans 2016: OTE tests complete. 2017: OTIS tests complete. 2017: Spacecraft (including sunshield) tests complete. 2018: Observatory I&T complete. October 2018: planned launch date as of 2016. Early 2019: planned launch date as of October 2017. May 2020 or later: planned launch date as of March 2018. 30 March 2021: planned launch date as of June 2018. 31 October 2021: planned launch date as of July 2020. November 2021 or later: planned launch date as of June 2021. 22 December 2021: planned launch date as of November 2021. 24 December 2021: planned launch date after delay due to communication issues between the observatory and the Launch Vehicle. 25 December 2021: final launch date after delay due to forecasts of unfavorable weather during the launch window on 24 December.

After-launch After launch, the James Webb Space Telescope was unfolded in the following planned order. spacecraft appendages (solar arrays, high gain antenna) sunshield extend tower secondary mirror primary mirror For 29 days after launch, JWST took a 1.51 million kilometer (940,000 mile) trajectory to L2 halo orbit. For six months JWST prepared for full-time science operation. This included letting all instruments cool down, calibrating the mirrors and instruments, and other procedures. Five-year science mission began after six months. Ten years of operation goal, and enough fuel to maintain halo orbit for at least ten years is included.

After-launch deployment

Nearly a month after launch, a trajectory correction was initiated to place the James Webb Space Telescope into a halo orbit at L2. Its next five months were spent cooling NIRCam and the Mid-Infrared Instrument down further, aligning and calibrating its mirrors while focusing on HD 84406, a bright star in the constellation Ursa Major, and testing the instruments.

First images

Webb's first operational image was the Webb's First Deep Field, released on July 11, 2022, with it being the deepest sharp infrared image of the universe to date. The rest of the first set of images was released the next day, which include full-color processed images of the Carina Nebula, Southern Ring Nebula, Stephan's Quintet, as well as spectroscopic data of WASP-96b.

References

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Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope

In research: Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics James Webb Space Telescope, Spaceflight timelines, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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Frequently asked questions

What is Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope in simple terms?

Why does Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

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Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

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