science

Transgressive (linguistics)

Transgressive (linguistics) is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Transgressive (linguistics) rather than just read about it. In short: In linguistic morphology, a transgressive is a special form of verb. It expresses a concurrently proceeding or following action.

Key takeaways

Transgressive (linguistics) belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Transgressive (linguistics) to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Transgressive (linguistics) from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

In linguistic morphology, a transgressive is a special form of verb. It expresses a concurrently proceeding or following action. It is considered to be a kind of infinitive, or participle. It is often used in Balto-Slavic languages. Syntactically it functions as an adverbial.

Slavic languages

Czech The form of the Czech transgressive (přechodník) is distinctive within the Slavic linguistic family and among converbs in general. Nowadays it is used only occasionally for artistic purposes and in set phrases and idioms. Transgressives were still used quite widely in the literary language at the beginning of the 20th century. For example, Jaroslav Hašek's The Good Soldier Švejk contains many of them. The Czech language recognizes present and past transgressives (there are future transgressives as well). The present transgressive can express present or future action depending on the aspect of the verb from which it is derived.

Examples Usednuvši u okna, začala plakat. (Having sat down by the window, she began to cry.) – past transgressive Děti, vidouce babičku, vyběhly ven. (The children, seeing grandma, ran out.) – present transgressive Pořídí si psa, aby byla, přijdouc domů, přivítána. (She will get a dog, in order to be welcomed by someone when coming home.) – future transgressive Nedbaje svého zdraví, onemocněl. (Not having taken care of his health, he has fallen sick.) – transgressive used as a preposition Bůh – takříkajíc Pánu našemu. (God – being the name of our Lord.) – transgressive used as an adverb

Slovak In Slovak, only the present transgressive form exists, and it does not inflect for gender or number.

Polish In Polish, transgressives are usually called "adverbial participles" (imiesłowy przysłówkowe) and do not inflect for gender or number. There are two kinds of such participles: anterior (only from perfective verbs) and contemporary (only from imperfective verbs). The anterior participle (related to the Czech past transgressive) expresses an event earlier than the event described by the main clause, while the contemporary adverbial participle expresses an event simultaneous with the event described by the main clause. Nowadays, especially the anterior participle is unused in the spoken language and rare in the written language. The contemporary adverbial participle can be derived by adding the ending -c to the third-person plural present form of an imperfective verb (or by adding the ending -ąc to the present stem of an imperfective verb):

jeść "to eat (imperf.)" > 3pl jedzą "[they] are eating" > jedząc "(while) eating" nieść "to carry (imperf.)" > 3pl niosą "[they] are carrying" > niosąc "(while) carrying" czytać "to read (imperf.)" > 3pl czytają "[they] are reading" > czytając "(while) reading" kupować "to buy (imperf.)" > 3pl kupują "[they] are buying" > kupując "(while) buying" The verb być "to be" is the only exception – its contemporary adverbial participle is będąc and corresponds to its future form będą "[they] will be" rather than to its present form są "[they] are". The anterior adverbial participle can be derived by replacing of the ending -ł in the third-person singular masculine past form of a perfective verb with the suffix -wszy (after a vowel) or -łszy (after a consonant):

zjeść "to eat (perf.)" > zjadł "[he] ate" > zjadłszy "having eaten" przynieść "to bring (perf.)" > przyniósł "[he] brought" > przyniósłszy "having brought" przeczytać "to read (perf.)" > przeczytał "[he] read" > przeczytawszy "having read" kupić "to buy (perf.)" > kupił "[he] bought" > kupiwszy "having bought" pchnąć "to push (perf.)" > pchnął "[he] pushed" > pchnąwszy "having pushed"

Serbo-Croatian In all varieties of Serbo-Croatian, the transgressive forms are called "verbal adverbs" (glagolski prilozi, singular: glagolski prilog). They are common in literature and other written works, while in spoken language simple present or past tense constructions are usually used instead. They are formed similarly to the Czech and Polish transgressives. Examples are given in Gaj's Latin alphabet and Ijekavian pronunciation.

Examples The present verbal adverb (glagolski prilog sadašnji) is formed by adding the ending -ći to the third-person plural present form of an imperfective verb:

pjevati "to sing" (imperf.) > 3pl pjevaju "[they] sing/are singing" > pjevajući "(while) singing" ljubiti "to kiss" (imperf.) > 3pl ljube "[they] kiss/are kissing" > ljubeći "(while) kissing" The past verbal adverb (glagolski prilog prošli) is formed by adding the ending -vši to the infinitive stem of a perfective verb:

otpjevati "to sing" (perf.) > otpjeva- infinitive stem > otpjevavši "having sung" poljubiti "to kiss" (perf.) > poljubi- infinitive stem > poljubivši "having kissed" Some perfective verbs have irregular past verbal adverbs, for example doći "to come (perf.) > došavši "having come". The auxiliary verbs can be both perfective and imperfective. The verb biti "to be" has the present verbal adverb budući and the past verbal adverb bivši, and the verb htjeti "to want" has the present verbal adverb htijući or hoteći and the past verbal adverb htjevši or hotjevši. The past verbal adverb can also be used to describe a way how something was done, for example for the verb baciti "to throw", the past verbal form bacivši can mean "by throwing", for example počinio je samoubojstvo bacivši se sa zgrade "he committed suicide by throwing himself off the building".

Russian In Russian, the transgressive (or verbal adverb, adverbial participle) (деепричастие) is considered a participial form, which functions adverbially. It is common in written and spoken language. It indicates a secondary action, performed concurrently with the primary action. Syntactically the transgressive is felt as relating to the manner of the primary action, as adverbs of manner do. Formation of the transgressives bears similarities to the transgressives of other Slavic languages. The transgressive can be formed from a perfective or an imperfective infinitive verb lemma. The imperfective transgressive can be in the present or past tense. The perfective transgressive is in the past. The transgressive has no other inflection (beyond the tense inflection for the imperfectives).

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Transgressive (linguistics)

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Transgressive (linguistics) claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Transgressive (linguistics) before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Transgressive (linguistics) ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Transgressive (linguistics)

In research: Transgressive (linguistics) appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Transgressive (linguistics) in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Transgressive (linguistics) is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Linguistic morphology, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Transgressive (linguistics) outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

Ask Teacher Smith questions about this articleOpens your AI tutor with a question about “Transgressive (linguistics)” →

Affiliate

Preply — study more efficiently by working with a personal tutor. 50% off.

How to study Transgressive (linguistics) in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Transgressive (linguistics) means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Transgressive (linguistics) out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Transgressive (linguistics) in simple terms?

In linguistic morphology, a transgressive is a special form of verb. It expresses a concurrently proceeding or following action.

Why does Transgressive (linguistics) matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Transgressive (linguistics)?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Transgressive (linguistics).