biology

Triazofos

Triazofos is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Triazofos rather than just read about it. In short: Triazofos is a chemical compound used in acaricides, insecticides, and nematicides. History Triazofos has been registered in the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety since 1975 and authorized as an insecticide in the EU until 31 December 2004 (Commission Regulation No 2076/2002).

Key takeaways

Triazofos belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Triazofos to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Triazofos from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Triazofos is a chemical compound used in acaricides, insecticides, and nematicides.

History Triazofos has been registered in the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety since 1975 and authorized as an insecticide in the EU until 31 December 2004 (Commission Regulation No 2076/2002). As of 25 July 2003 it was revoked under Commission Regulation No 1336/2003. The production of triazofos began in the 1980s as a Hoechst patent by the company Bayer. In 2011 Bayer announced termination of the sale of this product, due to its poisonous properties.

Synthesis and available forms

Synthesis Triazofos can be synthesized through various reactions. A method of manufacturing triazofos produces the substance in the presence of triethylamine by reacting 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-1H-1,2,4-triazole suspended in acetone with diethoxythiophosphoryl chloride. Another method produces the substance by the reaction of phenylhydrazine with Sodium cyanate, formamide and O,O-diethyl phosphorochlorothioate using cyanate additions, condensation and dehydrochlorination. An improved process for manufacturing triazofos uses phase transfer catalyst to achieve higher yields and purity. By comprising substituted 1-phenyl 3-hydroxy-1, 2, 4-triazole with 0, -diethylthiophosphoryl chloride in the presence of acide scavengers and 0.2% to 2.0% phase transfer catalyst at a temperature between 20-45 degrees Celsius in a suitable solvent like water. Followed by cooling and separating/extracting the aqueous layer from the organic layer by using a solvent such as xylene, toluene methylene dichloride or water for complete recovery of at least 92% triazofos purity.

Available forms Triazofos is available in several forms; as an emulsifiable concentrate (40%), wettable concentrates, wettable powders (30%), ultralow-volume liquids (25%, 40%) and granules (5%) at various concentrations.

Chemical properties

Structure and reactivity Triazofos is an organophosphate pesticide used in acaricides, insecticides and nematicides. Its chemical formula is : C12H16N3O3PS containing a molar mass of 313,31 g/mol. The chemical compound is susceptible to highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas formation in the presence of strong reducing agents (such as hydrides). It belongs to the reactive groups of: amines, phosphines and pyridines. Azo, diazo, azido, hydrazine and organic azide compounds. esters, sulfate esters, phosphate esters, thiophosphate esters and borate esters. Liquids with these reactive groups have been known to react with mineral-based and clay-based absorbents. Furthermore, partial oxidation of the organophosphate can result in the toxic phosphorus oxides release.

Metabolism and mechanisms of action

Metabolism The metabolic fate of triazofos has been studied in rats and dogs. 23 female Wistar (WISKf (SPF 71)) rats were given triazofos labelled at the 3 position (radiochemical purity, 98%) as a single oral dose of about 5 mg/kg bw in sesame oil by gastric intubation. Twenty of the rats were used to examine excretion and metabolism and the other three for blood assays. The maximum blood drug concentration (Cmax) was achieved after about 4 hours. The average half-life (t1⁄2) of radioactivity in the blood was 3.8 hours. After 96 hours, the recovery rate was 98%, indicating that excretion was nearly complete. Over 90% of the administered radioactivity was excreted via the urine within 48 hours. 4.5% of the excretion was accounted for by faecal elimination after 48 hours. From all the tissues that were analysed, the highest concentration of radioactivity was found in the kidney and the liver, at a relatively low concentration of <0.004 ppm. the urine showed three identifiable metabolites: 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-(1H)-1,2,4-triazole (43% of the administered dose) and its glucuronide (36%) and sulfate conjugates (13%). The glucuronide was converted back to the parent compound at room temperature, due to it being unstable. Unchanged triazofos was not detected in the urine, and quantities of radioactivity in the faeces were too low for defining of the chemical species. The metabolic fate of triazofos was also examined in two female beagle dogs, with the same treatment and sampling regimen as for rats. 14C triazofos at a dose of 4.4–4.8 mg/kg bodyweight was administered in sesame oil by gastric intubation. Of the administered dose, an average of 85% after 24 hours and 92% after 48 hours was excreted via the urine. Only 0.3% after 24 hours and 7.2% after 48 hours was accounted for by faecal elimination. Maximum blood drug concentration was achieved after 2 hours. After 48 hours, there was no detectable radioactivity in the blood, and the average half-life was 3.6 hours. Altogether, the metabolic fate of triazofos in dogs was similar to that in rats . The urine consisted of the same three metabolites as in rats. However, there was one other metabolite found only in the dog's urine representing 11% of the administered dose. It was considered to be another sulfate ester conjugate of the 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-(1H)-1,2,4-triazole metabolite. There was no unchanged triazofos found in the urine of the dogs. The faeces contained low concentrations of triazofos and the free 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-(1H)-1,2,4-triazole metabolite as well as five unidentified metabolites at about 0.7, 0.3 and 7.3% of the administered dose, respectively.

Effects on animals The signal of oral poisoning similarly happen in mice, rats and dogs, characterized by tremors, abdominal position, squatting, jerky respiration, lachrymation, salivation, saltatory spasm, tonic convulsions.

Acute Toxicity: In mice, rats and guinea-pigs, the acute LD50 value of triazofos ranged from 26–82 mg/kg body weight, while dogs have higher values up to 500 mg/kg body weight. Deaths occurred within minutes to several days after oral administration. Resulting in WHO's consideration of triazofos as a highly hazardous compound. Genotoxicity: In the study of toxicity and carcinogenicity effects in mice and rats, triazofos induced no significant or consistent increase in any tumour types. Reproductive toxicity: Signs of toxicity such as aggressive behaviour and decreased body weight and food consumption were seen only in F1 parent. Hence, there is no significant effect observed for the reproductive toxicity

Mechanism of action Triazofos interacts with several enzymes and signalling pathways according to various bio-assay results:

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Triazofos

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Triazofos claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Triazofos before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Triazofos ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Triazofos

In research: Triazofos appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Triazofos in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Triazofos is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Acaricides, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, Ethyl esters, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Triazofos outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Triazofos in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Triazofos means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Triazofos out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Triazofos in simple terms?

Triazofos is a chemical compound used in acaricides, insecticides, and nematicides. History Triazofos has been registered in the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety since 1975 and authorized as an insecticide in the EU until 31 December 2004 (Commission Regulation No 2076/2002).

Why does Triazofos matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Triazofos?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Triazofos.