biology

Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1

Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 rather than just read about it. In short: Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 also known as ABL1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ABL1 gene (previous symbol ABL) located on chromosome 9. c-Abl is sometimes used to refer to the version of the gene found within the mammalian genome, while v-Abl refers to the viral gene, which was initially isolated from the Abelson murine leukemia virus. Structure The ABL1 protein is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase tha…

Key takeaways

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Reproduce the core statement of Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 also known as ABL1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ABL1 gene (previous symbol ABL) located on chromosome 9. c-Abl is sometimes used to refer to the version of the gene found within the mammalian genome, while v-Abl refers to the viral gene, which was initially isolated from the Abelson murine leukemia virus.

Structure The ABL1 protein is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that contains both Src homology 3 (SH3) and Src homology 2 (SH2) domains, followed by a tyrosine kinase domain. These domains are involved in regulating its activity and interactions with other proteins. ABL1 also contains signals that allow it to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm, as well as regions that enable binding to the actin cytoskeleton.

Function The ABL1 proto-oncogene encodes a cytoplasmic and nuclear protein tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in processes of cell differentiation, cell division, cell adhesion, and stress response such as DNA repair. Activity of ABL1 protein is negatively regulated by its SH3 domain, and deletion of the SH3 domain turns ABL1 into an oncogene. The DNA-binding activity of the ubiquitously expressed ABL1 tyrosine kinase is regulated by CDC2-mediated phosphorylation, suggesting a cell cycle function for ABL1. A characteristic translocation, t(9;22), results in the head-to-tail fusion of the BCR and ABL1 genes, leading to a fusion gene present in many cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The ABL1 gene is expressed as either a 6- or a 7-kb mRNA transcript, with alternatively spliced first exons spliced to the common exons 2–11.

Clinical significance

This gene is a partner in a fusion gene with the BCR gene in the Philadelphia chromosome, a characteristic abnormality in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and rarely in some other leukemia forms. In CML, the gene is activated by being translocated within the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22. This new fusion gene, BCR-ABL, encodes an unregulated, cytoplasm-targeted tyrosine kinase that allows the cells to proliferate without being regulated by cytokines. This, in turn, allows the cell to become cancerous. The resulting BCR-ABL1 fusion protein exhibits constitutive tyrosine kinase activity and activates multiple downstream signaling pathways, including RAS/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and Src family kinases, which promote uncontrolled cell proliferation and survival. This can also lead to a clonal myeloproliferative disorder. The BCR-ABL protein can be inhibited by various small molecules. One such inhibitor is imatinib mesylate, which occupies the tyrosine kinase domain and inhibits BCR-ABL's influence on the cell cycle. Second generation BCR-ABL tyrosine-kinase inhibitors are also under development to inhibit BCR-ABL mutants resistant to imatinib.

Interactions ABL gene has been shown to interact with:

Regulation There is some evidence that the expression of Abl is regulated by the microRNA miR-203.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1

In research: Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Genes on human chromosome 9, Tyrosine kinases, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
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Frequently asked questions

What is Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 in simple terms?

Why does Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1.