computer science

US Navy decompression models and tables

US Navy decompression models and tables is a computer science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand US Navy decompression models and tables rather than just read about it. In short: The US Navy has used several decompression models from which their published decompression tables and authorized diving computer algorithms have been derived. The original C&R tables used a classic multiple independent parallel compartment model based on the work of John Scott Haldane in England in the early 20th century, using a critical ratio exponential ingassing and outgassing model.

Key takeaways

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Reference excerpt

The US Navy has used several decompression models from which their published decompression tables and authorized diving computer algorithms have been derived. The original C&R tables used a classic multiple independent parallel compartment model based on the work of John Scott Haldane in England in the early 20th century, using a critical ratio exponential ingassing and outgassing model. Later they were modified by O.D. Yarbrough and published in 1937. A version developed by M. Des Granges was published in 1956. Further developments by M.W. Goodman and Robert D. Workman using a critical supersaturation approach to incorporate M-values, and expressed as an algorithm suitable for programming were published in 1965, and later again a significantly different model, the VVAL 18 exponential/linear model was developed by Edward D. Thalmann, using an exponential ingassing model and a combined exponential and linear outgassing model, which was further developed by Gerth and Doolette and published in Revision 6 of the US Navy Diving Manual as the 2008 tables. Besides the air and heliox tables for open circuit bounce dives, the US Navy has published a variety of hyperbaric treatment schedules, decompression tables for open and closed circuit heliox and nitrox, tables incorporating surface decompression on oxygen, a system for modifying tables for use at high altitudes (Cross corrections), and saturation tables for various breathing gas mixtures. Many of these tables have been tested on human subjects, frequently with a result of symptomatic decompression sickness, and for this reason their test results are considered some of the most reliable available. US Navy tables have generally been freely available for use by the general public, and have often been modified to further reduce risk, as commercial and recreational divers do not always fit the physical requirements for military divers, may not have a recompression chamber on site to manage decompression sickness on those occasions when it does occur, and may prefer to operate at a lower risk than military personnel. Several recreational diving tables were originally based on US Navy diving tables.

C&R tables In 1912, Chief Gunner George D. Stillson of the United States Navy created a program to test and refine Haldane's tables. This program ultimately led to the first publication of the United States Navy Diving Manual and the establishment of a Navy Diving School in Newport, Rhode Island. Diver training programs were later cut at the end of World War I. The first decompression tables produced for the U.S. Navy were developed by the Bureau of Construction and Repair and published in 1915, and were consequently known as the C&R tables. They were derived from a Haldanean model, with oxygen decompression, to depths up to 300 ft on air, and were successfully used to depths of slightly over 300 ft

1937 tables 1916 - UN Navy established its Deep Sea Diving School in Newport, Rhode Island. 1924 - US Navy published first US Navy Diving Manual. 1927 – Naval School, Diving and Salvage was re-established at the Washington Navy Yard. At that time the United States moved their Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) to the same naval yard. In the following years, the Experimental Diving Unit developed the US Navy Air Decompression Tables which became the accepted world standard for diving with compressed air. 1930's – J.A. Hawkins, C.W. Schilling and R.A. Hansen conducted extensive experimental dives to determine allowable supersaturation ratios for different tissue compartments for Haldanean model. 1935 – Albert R. Behnke et al. experimented with oxygen for recompression therapy. 1937 – US Navy 1937 tables developed by O.D. Yarbrough were published.

1939 Heliox tables In 1939, after the recovery of USS Squalus, tables were published for surface supplied Heliox diving.

1956 tables 1956 – US Navy Decompression Tables developed by M. Des Granges (1956) were published. 1971 – In the US, the Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 triggered investigation of the safety of US Navy tables in reaction to an attempt to legislate their use for commercial diving. 1976 – Edward Beckman published findings of a comparison of US Navy air tables with RNPL, Buhlmann and other tables and indicating that the US Navy tables for diving below 100 fsw which were reputed to produce unacceptable rates of decompression sickness for civilian applications, were significantly less conservative than the other models in the comparison.

Recompression tables

Although recompression and slow decompression were the accepted treatment, there was not yet a standard for either the recompression pressure or the rate of decompression. This changed when the first standard table for recompression treatment with air was published in the US Navy Diving Manual in 1924. These tables were not entirely successful - there was a 50% relapse rate, and the treatment, though fairly effective for mild cases, was less effective in serious cases.

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with US Navy decompression models and tables

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what US Navy decompression models and tables claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In computer science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to US Navy decompression models and tables before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about US Navy decompression models and tables ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of US Navy decompression models and tables

In research: US Navy decompression models and tables appears in computer science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses US Navy decompression models and tables in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: US Navy decompression models and tables is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Decompression algorithms, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for US Navy decompression models and tables outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study US Navy decompression models and tables in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what US Navy decompression models and tables means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
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Frequently asked questions

What is US Navy decompression models and tables in simple terms?

Why does US Navy decompression models and tables matter?

Because it connects several computer science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study US Navy decompression models and tables?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on US Navy decompression models and tables.