Uterine contractions are muscle contractions of the uterine smooth muscle that can occur at various intensities in both the non-pregnant and pregnant uterine state. The non-pregnant uterus undergoes small, spontaneous contractions in addition to stronger, coordinated contractions during the menstrual cycle and orgasm. Throughout gestation, the uterus enters a state of uterine quiescence due to various neural and hormonal changes. During this state, the uterus undergoes little to no contractions, though spontaneous contractions still occur for the uterine myocyte cells to experience hypertrophy. The pregnant uterus only contracts strongly during orgasms, labour, and in the postpartum stage to return to its natural size.
Throughout menstrual cycle Uterine contractions that occur throughout the menstrual cycle, also termed endometrial waves or contractile waves, appear to involve only the sub-endometrial layer of the myometrium.
Follicular and luteal phase In the early follicular phase, uterine contractions in the non-pregnant woman occur 1–2 times per minute and last 10–15 seconds with a low intensity of usually 30 mmHg or less. This sub-endometrial layer is rich in estrogen and progesterone receptors. The frequency of contractions increases to 3–4 per minute towards ovulation. During the luteal phase, the frequency and intensity decrease, possibly to facilitate any implantation.
Menstruation If implantation does not occur, the frequency of contractions remains low; but at menstruation the intensity increases dramatically to between 50 and 200 mmHg producing labor-like contractions. These contractions are sometimes termed menstrual cramps, although that term is also used for menstrual pain in general. These contractions may be uncomfortable or even painful, but they are generally significantly less painful than contractions during labour. Painful contractions are called dysmenorrhea.
Directionality of contractions A shift in the myosin expression of the uterine smooth muscle has been hypothesized as arising for changes in the directions of uterine contractions during the menstrual cycle.
Labour and pregnancy Uterine contractions are a vital part of natural childbirth, which occur during the process of labour and delivery, (typically this excludes caesarean section). These labour contractions are characterized by their rhythmic tightening and relaxation of the myometrium, the most prominent uterine muscle. Labour contractions primarily serve the purpose of opening and dilating the cervix, which leads to the assisting of the passage of the baby through the vaginal canal during the first stage of labour. Throughout pregnancy, the uterus experiences motor denervation, thus inhibiting spontaneous contractions. The remaining contractions are predominantly hormonally controlled. The decrease in the coordination of uterine smooth muscles cells reduces the effectiveness of contractions, causing the uterus to enter a state of uterine quiescence. During the beginning of labour, contractions may initially be intermittent and irregular, but will transition into a more coordinated pattern as the labour progresses. This transition is governed by various myogenic, neurogenic, and hormonal factors working together. As labour progresses, contractions will typically increase in frequency and intensity, which leads to a significant rise in intrauterine pressure. Otherwise, not all contractions experienced by pregnant individuals are indications of the beginning of labour. Some women experience what are commonly called Braxton Hicks contractions before their initial due date, which are characterized as “false labour." Though similar to labour uterine contractions, these contractions do not play a prominent role in cervical dilation or the progression of childbirth.
Oxytocin The hormone oxytocin has been identified as inducing uterine contractions, and labour in general. Oxytocin is produced by the body naturally and since the 1950s has also been available in synthetic pharmaceutical form. In either form, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions to accelerate the process of childbirth. Production and secretion of oxytocin is controlled by a positive feedback mechanism, where its initial release, either naturally or in pharmaceutical form, stimulates production and release of further oxytocin. For example, when oxytocin is released during a contraction of the uterus at the start of childbirth, this stimulates production and release of more oxytocin and an increase in the duration, intensity and frequency of contractions. This process compounds in intensity and frequency and continues until the triggering activity ceases.
Prostaglandins The concentration of prostaglandins in the blood plasma and amniotic fluid increases during labor. These inflammatory mediators encourage myometrial contractions to induce labor. Prostaglandins are also related to the changes in gap junction formation and connexin-43 expression during labor.
In orgasm Uterine and vaginal contractions usually take place during female sexual stimulation, including sexual arousal, and orgasm.
Monitors
Uterine contractions can be monitored by cardiotocography, in which a device is affixed to the skin of the mother or directly to the fetal scalp. The pressure required to flatten a section of the uterine wall correlates with the internal pressure, thereby providing an estimate of it. A type of monitoring technology under development at Drexel University embeds conductive threads in the knitted fabric of a bellyband. When the fibers stretch in response to a contraction, the threads function like an antenna, and send the signals they pick up to an embedded RFID (radio-frequency identification device) chip that reports the data.
Mechanism
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