In statistics, the variance inflation factor (VIF) is the ratio (quotient) of the variance of a parameter estimate when fitting a full model that includes other parameters to the variance of the parameter estimate if the model is fit with only the parameter on its own. The VIF provides an index that measures how much the variance (the square of the estimate's standard deviation) of an estimated regression coefficient is increased because of collinearity. Cuthbert Daniel claims to have invented the concept behind the variance inflation factor, but did not come up with the name.
Definition Consider the following linear model with k independent variables:
Y = β0 + β1 X1 + β2 X 2 + ... + βk Xk + ε. The standard error of the estimate of βj is the square root of the j + 1 diagonal element of s2(X′X)−1, where s is the root mean squared error (RMSE) (note that RMSE2 is a consistent estimator of the true variance of the error term, σ 2 {\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}} ); X is the regression design matrix — a matrix such that Xi, j+1 is the value of the jth independent variable for the ith case or observation, and such that Xi,1, the predictor vector associated with the intercept term, equals 1 for all i. It turns out that the square of this standard error, the estimated variance of the estimate of βj, can be equivalently expressed as:
var ^ ( β ^ j ) = s 2 ( n − 1 ) var ^ ( X j ) ⋅ 1 1 − R j 2 , {\displaystyle {\widehat {\operatorname {var} }}({\hat {\beta }}_{j})={\frac {s^{2}}{(n-1){\widehat {\operatorname {var} }}(X_{j})}}\cdot {\frac {1}{1-R_{j}^{2}}},}
where Rj2 is the multiple R2 for the regression of Xj on the other covariates (a regression that does not involve the response variable Y) and β ^ j {\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}_{j}} are the coefficient estimates, id est, the estimates of β j {\displaystyle {\beta }_{j}} . This identity separates the influences of several distinct factors on the variance of the coefficient estimate:
s2: greater scatter in the data around the regression surface leads to proportionately more variance in the coefficient estimates n: greater sample size results in proportionately less variance in the coefficient estimates
var ^ ( X j ) {\displaystyle {\widehat {\operatorname {var} }}(X_{j})} : greater variability in a particular covariate leads to proportionately less variance in the corresponding coefficient estimate The remaining term, 1 / (1 − Rj2) is the VIF. It reflects all other factors that influence the uncertainty in the coefficient estimates. The VIF equals 1 when the vector Xj is orthogonal to each column of the design matrix for the regression of Xj on the other covariates. By contrast, the VIF is greater than 1 when the vector Xj is not orthogonal to all columns of the design matrix for the regression of Xj on the other covariates. Finally, note that the VIF is invariant to the scaling of the variables (that is, we could scale each variable Xj by a constant cj without changing the VIF).
var ^ ( β ^ j ) = s 2 [ ( X T X ) − 1 ] j j {\displaystyle {\widehat {\operatorname {var} }}({\hat {\beta }}_{j})=s^{2}[(X^{T}X)^{-1}]_{jj}}
Now let r = X T X {\displaystyle r=X^{T}X} , and without losing generality, we reorder the columns of X to set the first column to be X j {\displaystyle X_{j}}
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