science

WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics

WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics rather than just read about it. In short: The WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics, or WHO list of essential diagnostic tests (EDL) is a World Health Organization (WHO) priority list of medical tests that provides guidance for individual countries on which tests to use and which not to. It was first published in 2018, then revised in 2019, and a third edition was published in 2020.

Key takeaways

WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
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Reference excerpt

The WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics, or WHO list of essential diagnostic tests (EDL) is a World Health Organization (WHO) priority list of medical tests that provides guidance for individual countries on which tests to use and which not to. It was first published in 2018, then revised in 2019, and a third edition was published in 2020. Tests in community settings where there is no laboratory, are divided into general tests and tests that are disease-specific. Diseases that can be tested for in the community without laboratory facilities include: Chagas disease, cholera, COVID-19, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis B and C, HIV, influenza, malaria, Streptococcal pharyngitis, sickling disorders, syphilis, tuberculosis and visceral leishmaniasis. Where there is a health care facility with laboratories, tests are divided into either general tests or disease-specific tests for clinical laboratories, and disease-specific tests for blood screening laboratories. For each group of tests, the EDL specifies the test's name, purpose, assay format and type of specimen.

Background Without reliable tests, health care providers rely mainly on empirical treatments, which result in higher antibiotic use, use of multiple other medicines and underdiagnosis. The tests in the EDL are assessed using the REASSURED criteria; real time connectivity, ease of specimen collection, affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, results availability, equipment, and delivery. It allows treatments to be more precise. The EDL is a priority list of medical tests, which the WHO defines as "one of the six building blocks of a health system". The EDL provides guidance for individual countries, on which medical tests to use and which not to. A Strategic Group of Experts on In Vitro Diagnostics (SAGE IVD) is appointed by the WHO to advise on its development as it is regularly reviewed and expanded. Different countries can adapt it; the Indian Council of Medical Research produced its own version of the EDL in 2019, a year after the first edition.

Publications The first edition was published by the WHO on 15 May 2018, and complements the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML), which was published more than 40 years earlier. More than 150 countries have adapted the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. A second edition was published in July 2019, and a third in 2020.

Content In the EDL, essential diagnostic tests are defined as those "that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population and are selected with due regard to disease prevalence and public health relevance, evidence of efficacy and accuracy, and comparative cost-effectiveness." The first edition contained 62 test categories and the second was updated to include 122 test categories. The categories of tests include: general laboratory tests and disease-specific tests such as for hepatitis B and C, HIV, HPV, malaria, syphilis and tuberculosis. The third edition added a "Do Not Do" recommendation, for tests deemed no longer useful. Some tests such as a quick test for malaria, do not require a laboratory, a health care setting or professional, or electricity. For each group of tests, the EDL specifies the test's name, purpose, assay format and type of specimen. Supporting WHO Guidelines or publications are linked and brands are not referenced. The EDL includes recommendations of types of tests that should be available in community settings where there are no laboratories, such as for anaemia, malaria or pregnancy. Laboratory tests such as those for testing for cancers are recommended for hospitals and laboratories.

Healthcare settings without laboratories Tests in community settings without laboratories are divided into general tests and tests that are disease-specific. These include tests that are recommended for use in primary care units, doctors' offices, community clinics, ambulatory care and at home such as for self-testing.

Tests in community settings without laboratories, which are disease-specific include tests for Chagas disease, cholera, COVID-19, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis B and C, HIV, influenza, malaria, Streptococcal pharyngitis, sickling disorders, syphilis, tuberculosis, visceral leishmaniasis.

Healthcare settings with laboratories Where there is a health care facility with laboratories, tests are divided into either general tests or disease-specific tests for clinical laboratories, and disease-specific tests for blood screening laboratories.

Discontinued tests The HIV western blot test and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis serology test are not recommended.

References

Further reading Technical specifications for selection of essential in vitro diagnostics for SARS-COV-2 (PDF). World Health Organization. 14 June 2021. "Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013-2020". www.who.int.

External links "WHO Model List of Essential In Vitro Diagnostics (2020)". www.who.int.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics

In research: WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Publications established in 2018, World Health Organization, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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Frequently asked questions

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Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

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Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

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