chemistry

William de Wiveleslie Abney

William de Wiveleslie Abney is a chemistry topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand William de Wiveleslie Abney rather than just read about it. In short: Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney (24 July 1843 – 3 December 1920) was an English astronomer, chemist, and photographer. In his early career as a military engineer, he worked with the Royal Engineers in India and then taught at the Chatham School of Military Engineering.

Key takeaways

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Reproduce the core statement of William de Wiveleslie Abney from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney (24 July 1843 – 3 December 1920) was an English astronomer, chemist, and photographer. In his early career as a military engineer, he worked with the Royal Engineers in India and then taught at the Chatham School of Military Engineering. He developed the eponymous Abney level used in surveying.

Life and career Abney was born in Derby, England, the son of Rev. Edward Henry Abney (1811–1892), vicar of St Alkmund's Church, Derby, and his wife, Catharine Strutt. His father was owner of the Firs Estate. William was educated at Rossall School, the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and joined the Royal Engineers in 1861, with which he served in India for several years. In 1870 he became an instructor in telegraphy at the Chatham School of Military Engineering. He also worked on photography and offered instruction on the topic to officers. While working here he invented the "Abney level", a combined clinometer and spirit level, used by surveyors to measure slopes and angles. He was responsible for the "Abney mounting" of a concave grating spectrograph in which the photographic plate was fixed and the entry slit moved to accommodate different regions of the spectrum. In 1877 he moved from Chatham to the Science and Art Department, South Kensington, under Sir John Donnelly. He retired with the rank of captain in 1881. From 1899 to 1903 he served as a secretary in the Board of Education, later serving as an advisor. Abney was a pioneer of several technical aspects of photography. His father had been an early photographic experimenter and friend of Richard Keene, an early Derby photographer. Keene became a close friend of William and his brother Charles Edward Abney (1850–1914). Both Abney sons subsequently became founder members of the Derby Photographic Society in June 1884. His endeavors in the chemistry of photography produced useful photographic products and also developments in astronomy. He wrote many books on photography that were considered standard texts at the time, although he was doubtful that his improvements would have a great impact on the subject.

Abney investigated the blackening of a negative to incidental light. In 1874, Abney developed a dry photographic emulsion, which replaced "wet" emulsions. He used this emulsion in an Egyptian expedition to photograph the transit of Venus across the sun. In 1880, he introduced hydroquinone. Abney also introduced new and useful types of photographic paper, including in 1882 a formula for gelatin silver chloride paper. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1876. Abney conducted early research into the field of spectroscopy, developing a red-sensitive emulsion which was used for the infrared spectra of organic molecules. He was also a pioneer in photographing the infrared solar spectrum (1887), as well as researching sunlight in the medium of the atmosphere. In 1893 he inherited Meashan Hall from a rich aunt. He became assistant secretary to the Board of Education in 1899 and advisor to that body in 1903. In 1900 he was Director of the Science and Art Department. He was knighted in the same year. He sold his father's estate, most of which went for housing in the St Luke's Parish of Derby, but retained 11 acres until 1913 when they were purchased by the Council to become the site of Rykneld Secondary Modern School and Rykneld recreation ground. He died on 3 December 1920 in Folkestone, England. He is buried in the churchyard of Holy Trinity Church in Folkestone.

Family He had married twice: firstly in 1864 to Agnes Matilda Smith (died 1888) with whom he had a son and two daughters, and secondly in 1890 to Mary Louisa Mead with whom he had a further daughter.

Publications Chemistry for Engineers, 1870. Thebes and its five greater temples, London, published by Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1876. W. de W. Abney, Instruction in Photography, London, published by S. Low, Marston & company, 1900. A New Developer, The Photographic News, 1880, 24:345-346. W. de W. Abney and E. R. Festing, Intensity of Radiation through Turbid Media, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 40, pages 378–380, 1886. Published by The Royal Society. W. de W. Abney and E. R. Festing, Colour Photometry. Part III.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 50, pages 369–372, 1891–1892. Published by The Royal Society.

Organizations and honours 1876 Fellow of the Royal Society 1878 Received first Progress Medal of the Photographic Society of Great Britain ever 1885 Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1892 Elected to membership of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society on 26 April 1892 1892 to 1894, 1896 and 1903 to 1905 President of the Photographic Society of Great Britain aka Royal Photographic Society 1893 to 1895 President of the Royal Astronomical Society 1895 to 1897 President of the Physical Society of London CB : Companion of the Order of the Bath KCB: Knight Commander (civil division) of the Order of the Bath (KCB) - announced in the 1900 New Year Honours honours list on 1 January 1900, gazetted on 16 January 1900, and invested by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle on 1 March 1900. Doctor of Science (D.Sc. Honoris causa) from the University of Dublin - June 1903. 1909 to 1920 vice-president of Girls' Public Day School Trust

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with William de Wiveleslie Abney

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what William de Wiveleslie Abney claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In chemistry, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to William de Wiveleslie Abney before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about William de Wiveleslie Abney ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of William de Wiveleslie Abney

In research: William de Wiveleslie Abney appears in chemistry research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses William de Wiveleslie Abney in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: William de Wiveleslie Abney is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1843 births, 1920 deaths, 19th-century British Army personnel, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for William de Wiveleslie Abney outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study William de Wiveleslie Abney in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what William de Wiveleslie Abney means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain William de Wiveleslie Abney out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is William de Wiveleslie Abney in simple terms?

Why does William de Wiveleslie Abney matter?

Because it connects several chemistry ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study William de Wiveleslie Abney?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on William de Wiveleslie Abney.